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Topic Review
Melatonin Usage and Considerations
Exogenous melatonin is commonly used to treat insomnia, other sleep problems, and numerous medical illnesses, including Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorder, and mild cognitive impairment in adults and children. There is evolving information regarding issues with the use of chronic melatonin.
  • 515
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Promising Anticancer and Neuroprotective Compounds
Flavonoids derived from citrus plants are favored by phytomedicinal researchers due to their wide range of biological activities, and relevant studies have been sustained (since the first paper published in 1955). The modern pharmacological effects of citrus flavonoids are primarily focused on their anticancer activities (such as breast cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer), neuroprotective effects (such as anti-Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), and metabolic diseases.
  • 277
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Main Metabolic Pathways with Respect to Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease, leading to the progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Metabolomics allows the study of biochemical alterations in pathological processes which may be involved in AD progression and to discover new therapeutic targets. Metabolites are substrates, intermediates, and products of metabolic body processes, which typically are small molecules with a molecular weight of less than ~1.5 kDa. Since low molecular weight metabolites are intermediates or end products of cellular metabolism, metabolomics, or the study of metabolism can be considered one of the core disciplines of systems biology. It can help in improving our understanding of changes in biochemical pathways, revealing crucial information that is closely related to human disease or therapeutic status.
  • 334
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols Mediate Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability, and it is due to be included in monetary implications on wellbeing frameworks around the world. Ischemic stroke is caused by interference in cerebral blood flow, leading to a deficit in the supply of oxygen to the affected region. It accounts for nearly 80–85% of all cases of stroke. Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the pathophysiologic cascade in brain damage leading to stroke. In the acute phase, oxidative stress mediates severe toxicity, and it initiates and contributes to late-stage apoptosis and inflammation. Oxidative stress conditions occur when the antioxidant defense in the body is unable to counteract the production and aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • 284
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fluoroquinolones Used in Therapy
Antibacterial fluoroquinolones (FQs) are frequently used in treating infections. However, the value of FQs is debatable due to their association with severe adverse effects (AEs). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued safety warnings concerning their side-effects in 2008, followed by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) and regulatory authorities from other countries.
  • 450
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Ketamine and Driving, Cognitive, and Motor Ability
Ketamine is a medication that has many medical purposes but also has been used illicitly by people for its dissociative properties. While driving under the influence of drugs, drivers are more likely to be involved in and cause more accidents than drivers who do not drive under the influence.  A study with ketamine and a ketamine-like medication, rapasitnel, showed that those who were given ketamine experienced more sleepiness and had decreased self-reported motivation and confidence in their driving abilities. Moreover, there seem to be significant differences in the acute versus persistent effects of ketamine, as well as the anesthetic versus subanesthetic doses, both in terms of effects and outcomes. These divergent effects complicate the clinical uses of ketamine, specifically involving driving, drowsiness, and cognitive abilities. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Drug Delivery by Buccal/Sublingual Microenvironmental pH Modification
Many drug candidates are poorly water-soluble. Microenvironmental pH (pHM) modification in buccal/sublingual dosage forms has attracted increasing interest as a promising pharmaceutical strategy to enhance the oral mucosal absorption of drugs with pH-dependent solubility. Optimizing drug absorption at the oral mucosa using pHM modification is considered to be a compromise between drug solubility and drug lipophilicity (Log D)/permeation. To create a desired pHM around formulations during the dissolution process, a suitable amount of pH modifiers should be added in the formulations, and the appropriate methods of pHM measurement are required. 
  • 751
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biologics in Uveitis Treatment
Biological drugs, especially those targeting anti-tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) molecule, have revolutionized the treatment of patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU), a sight-threatening condition characterized by ocular inflammation that can lead to severe vision threatening and blindness. 
  • 423
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oral Administration for Small Extracellular Vesicles Delivery
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have burst into biomedicine as a natural therapeutic alternative for different diseases. Considered nanocarriers of biological origin, various studies have demonstrated the feasibility of their systemic administration, even with repeated doses. sEVs can resist the degradative conditions of the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, accumulating regionally in the intestine, where they are absorbed for systemic biodistribution. 
  • 502
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Renoprotective Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also recognized as diabetic kidney disease, is a kidney malfunction caused by diabetes mellitus. A possible contributing factor to the onset of DN is hyperglycemia. Poorly regulated hyperglycemia can damage blood vessel clusters in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. Its treatment is difficult and expensive because its causes are extremely complex and poorly understood. Extracts from medicinal plants can be an alternative treatment for DN. The bioactive content in medicinal plants inhibits the progression of DN.
  • 303
  • 13 Mar 2023
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