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Topic Review
Celiac Disease in Children during COVID Pandemic
Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the small intestine following the ingestion of gluten and the related prolamins found in wheat, rye, oats, and barley. It has a prevalence in the general population worldwide of approximately 1%.
  • 662
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cell Therapy in Liver Fibrosis
Fibrosis is a common feature in most pathogenetic processes in the liver, and usually results from a chronic insult that depletes the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes and activates multiple inflammatory pathways, recruiting resident and circulating immune cells, endothelial cells, non-parenchymal hepatic stellate cells, and fibroblasts, which become activated and lead to excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. 
  • 659
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Liver Fibrosis Regression
Hepatic fibrosis is a scar formation process consisting in altered deposition of extracellular matrix. Progression of fibrosis can lead to impaired liver architecture and function, resulting in cirrhosis and organ failure. In the liver, due to its high regenerative ability, the extent of fibrosis regression and reversion to normal architecture is higher than in other tissues, even in advanced disease. 
  • 539
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Chemerin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chemerin belongs to the adipokines—proteins secreted by white adipose tissue. It plays an important role in angiogenesis and metabolism and its levels correlate with inflammation severity in many clinical states. 
  • 582
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chemokine System in the Development of NAFLD
Chemokines (Greek—kinos, movement) are a large family of chemotactic cytokines that involve immune and inflammatory responses through the chemoattraction and activation of leukocytes. These small proteins (approximately 8–12 kilodaltons) are classified into four different subfamilies (CC, CXC, CX3C and XC) based on the presence of four cysteine residues in the conserved locations ofN-terminals that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape. Approximately 50 chemokines expressed in various cell types and tissues have been identified in humans and mice. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Sustained hepatic inflammation is a key driver of the transition from simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the more aggressive form of NAFLD. Hepatic inflammation is orchestrated by chemokines, a family of chemoattractant cytokines that are produced by hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (liver resident macrophages), hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Over the last three decades, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental investigations demonstrated that chemokines and their receptors are increased in the livers of NAFLD patients and that CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 and CCL5 in particular play a pivotal role in inducing insulin resistance, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in liver disease.
  • 353
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis and Anti-Infective Drugs
Gastrointestinal mucositis (GI-M) is a frequently observed side effect of chemotherapy in patients with cancer that affects the gastrointestinal microenvironment and potentially drug absorption. 
  • 644
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in Enteric Infections Treatment
Chitosan is a nontoxic natural antimicrobial polymer and is approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration). Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can kill microbes by neutralizing negative charges on the microbial surface. Besides, chemical modifications give chitosan derivatives better water solubility and antimicrobial property. 
  • 532
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials and its Applications
The small intestine provides the major site for the absorption of numerous orally administered drugs. However, before reaching to the systemic circulation to exert beneficial pharmacological activities, the oral drug delivery is hindered by poor absorption/metabolic instability of the drugs in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the presence of the mucus layer overlying intestinal epithelium. Therefore, a polymeric drug delivery system has emerged as a robust approach to enhance oral drug bioavailability and intestinal drug absorption. Chitosan, a cationic polymer derived from chitin, and its derivatives have received remarkable attention to serve as a promising drug carrier, chiefly owing to their versatile, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic properties. Several types of chitosan-based drug delivery systems have been developed, including chemical modification, conjugates, capsules, and hybrids. They have been shown to be effective in improving intestinal assimilation of several types of drugs, e.g., antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, the physiological challenges affecting intestinal drug absorption and the effects of chitosan on those parameters impacting on oral bioavailability are summarized. More appreciably, types of chitosan-based nanomaterials enhancing intestinal drug absorption and their mechanisms, as well as potential applications in diabetes, cancers, infections, and inflammation, are highlighted. The future perspective of chitosan applications is also discussed. 
  • 552
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cholangiocarcinoma Detection and Staging of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinom
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer, presenting as a mass or as a biliary stricture. Depending on their localization, CCAs are classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal. The EUS detection rate for distal CCAs is higher than that for the proximal CCAs. The accuracy of T staging varies between 60 and 80%, and vascular involvement is correctly assessed by conventional EUS.
  • 404
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Choleretic and Cholagogic Effects of Anticholelithiatic Plants
A large number of people suffer from gall stone worldwide and this problem is now being increased significantly due to the malnutrition, changes in living style, lack of exercise and conditions i.e. industrialization. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to their cultural acceptability, efficacy, safety and fewer side effects as compared to modern synthetic medicines.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Aug 2022
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