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Topic Review
Microbial Metabolites in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers that cause cancer-related deaths worldwide. The gut microbiota has been proved to show relevance with colorectal tumorigenesis through microbial metabolites. By decomposing various dietary residues in the intestinal tract, gut microbiota harvest energy and produce a variety of metabolites to affect the host physiology. However, some of these metabolites are oncogenic factors for CRC.
  • 860
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Translocation Disorders
Gut microbes are immunologically tolerated in the gastrointestinal tract but trigger aggressive immune responses upon translocation across the gut barrier. Although oral tolerance, a physiological process that dampens immune responses to food proteins and commensal microbiota, remains poorly defined, significant progress was made during and after the Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic in the 1980s and the discovery of regulatory T cells in 1995. Additional insight was gained after the discoveries of innate lymphoid cells in 2008 and the functional elucidation of mucosal mast cells.
  • 423
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
The microbiome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by bacterial dysbiosis (i.e., an imbalance of pathogenic and commensal bacteria). Bacterial diversity has been shown to be reduced during active inflammation in IBD.
  • 598
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the Central Nervous System
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the central nervous system (CNS) environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. 
  • 201
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome-Immune Interactions in Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic autoimmune condition affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBD includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with UC characterized by inflammation of colonic mucosa and submucosa starting at the rectum and extending through the colon. The precise etiology of UC is unknown but is thought to involve a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Chief among these is the intestinal microbiome, which has been extensively studied both for its role in disease pathogenesis and possible treatment. In this review, we will discuss the microbial changes that have been described in UC, its interplay with host immune function, and evidence supporting its role as a potential therapeutic. We will also discuss parallels between UC, the microbiome and colitis-associated cancer (CAC).   
  • 676
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microbiomes Influence the Effects of Diet on Cancer
Microbiomes interact with localized and systemic host cell populations where they help to maintain immune homeostasis. Microbiota use different dietary factors for energy and in turn produce by-products that impact the host cell populations. Dietary factors can also influence the composition and diversity of microbiota populations, in turn impacting the interactions of the microbiomes with host. Perturbations in this system, commonly referred to as dysbiosis, have been associated with various diseases including cancer.
  • 407
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver illness associated with obesity and metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or type 2 diabetes mellitus. A more severe type of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is considered an ongoing global health threat and dramatically increases the risks of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by an increase in fat accumulation in the form of micro and macro vacuoles of lipids into hepatocytes (named steatosis), is the most common liver disorder worldwide. Steatosis is classified as mild (5–33%), moderate (34–66%), or severe (more than 66%) depending on the fat number in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Additionally, other histopathological features should be taken into account in the presence of steatosis including inflammation, fibrosis, and ballooning degeneration.
  • 425
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota Changes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtypes
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. It can be subclassified in different subtypes according to the main clinical manifestation: constipation, diarrhea, mixed, and unclassified. The role of gut microbiota in IBS has garnered significant attention in the scientific community. Emerging research spotlights the intricate involvement of microbiota dysbiosis in IBS pathogenesis. Studies have demonstrated reduced microbial diversity and stability and specific microbial alterations for each disease subgroup. Microbiota-targeted treatments, such as antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and even diet, offer exciting prospects for managing IBS.
  • 175
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota in Healthy Individuals
Although the microbiome is dynamic, changing in relation with human age and health status, there is an equilibrium between different types of species maintaining eubiosis and sustaining an absence of pathology. “All diseases begin in the gut” is an ancient quote that still maintains its truth: alteration of the composition and function of the healthy microbial structure leads to dysbiosis, resulting in various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, systemic metabolic diseases, and neurological impairments.
  • 452
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota in the Natural History of Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is still burdened with a severe prognosis, despite advances in the diagnosis and surgical management of this disease. The microbiota is a true organ, capable of several interactions throughout the digestive system. Microbiota can influence the development of precancerous disease predisposing to pancreatic cancer (PC). At the same time, neoplastic tissue shows specific characteristics in terms of diversity and phenotype, determining the short- and long-term prognosis.
  • 288
  • 20 Feb 2023
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