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Topic Review
Microbiomes Influence the Effects of Diet on Cancer
Microbiomes interact with localized and systemic host cell populations where they help to maintain immune homeostasis. Microbiota use different dietary factors for energy and in turn produce by-products that impact the host cell populations. Dietary factors can also influence the composition and diversity of microbiota populations, in turn impacting the interactions of the microbiomes with host. Perturbations in this system, commonly referred to as dysbiosis, have been associated with various diseases including cancer.
  • 364
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Tryptophan Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Evidence is emerging for the role of intestinal tryptophan metabolism in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In order to identify the role of altered intestinal tryptophan metabolism in IBD pathogenesis, a meta-analysis of the transcriptome was performed to identify differentially expressed genes involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathways in intestinal biopsies of IBD as compared to non-IBD controls.
  • 364
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Regulating of PPARγ Function
Contrary to genetic changes in heritability, epigenetics is the study of heritable modifications in gene activity that do not involve direct alteration of the underlying DNA sequences. Epigenetics determines the architecture of chromatin in cell nucleus, and therefore affects specific genomic sequences accessible to cellular regulatory machineries. The epigenome is susceptible to dysregulation throughout life but is highly vulnerable to environmental factors during fetal life since this is a period of rapid DNA synthesis. 
  • 363
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Direct Endoscopic Necrosectomy
Walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is one of the local complications of acute pancreatitis (AP). Several interventional techniques have been developed over the last few years. The purpose of this entry is to explore such methodologies, with specific focus on endoscopic drainage and direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN), through evaluation of their indications and timing for intervention. Findings indicated how, after the introduction of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS), DEN is becoming the favorite technique to treat WOPN, especially when large solid debris or infection are present. Additionally, DEN is associated with a lower adverse events rate and hospital stay, and with improved clinical outcome.
  • 361
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Liver Tissue Engineering
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, mediating essential functions in homeostasis, metabolism, serum protein production, storage of glycogen, drug detoxification, immune system, and production and secretion of bile acids. The ultimate goal of liver tissue engineering (LTE)  is to restore partial or total function of the liver during liver failure. A fully functional liver is the ultimate aim of LTE, and functional liver tissue can be used for drug testing. Moreover, LTE has the potential to develop an extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) system performing the essential functions of the liver to reduce mortality or to bridge a patient to a liver transplant. With recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering holds high potential to progress as an alternative or supplement to LT. A major advance in the LTE area was published by Chhabra and colleagues, reporting the development of a vascularized liver model to understand liver regeneration.
  • 360
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Diet–Microbiota Interplay in Macrophage Plasticity and Intestinal Health
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Macrophages, innate immune cells that exhibit high plasticity, perpetuate inflammatory signalling in IBD through excessive release of inflammatory mediators. In recent years, pioneering research has revealed the importance of the interplay between macrophages and gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Particular attention is focusing on microbiota-derived metabolites, believed to possess immunomodulatory properties capable of manipulating macrophage plasticity. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole compounds, along with dietary sourced omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), exert anti-inflammatory effects, attributable to interactions with macrophages.
  • 357
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Management of Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are two chronic cholestatic liver diseases affecting bile ducts that may progress to biliary cirrhosis.
  • 356
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Influence of Gut–Liver Axis on Portal Hypertension
Clinically significant portal hypertension is associated with most complications of advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), including variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. Gut dysbiosis is a hallmark of ACLD with portal hypertension and consists of the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in autochthonous bacteria; additionally, congestion makes the intestinal barrier more permeable to bacteria and their products, which contributes to the development of complications through inflammatory mechanisms within the gut–liver axis. The identification of the gut–liver liver-axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways may serve as a target for new therapeutic strategies through the modulation of the intestinal environment.
  • 355
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Colonoscopy in Intestinal Diseases
Colonoscopy is an examination of the colorectum and terminal ileum undertaken by inserting a scope with a camera device and flexible light source through the anus. In cases of infectious diseases, colonoscopy is helpful in making the differential diagnosis, revealing endoscopic gross findings, and obtaining the specimens for pathology. Additionally, colonoscopy provides clues for distinguishing between infectious disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and aids in the post-treatment monitoring of IBD.
  • 355
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Endoscopic Ultrasound
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) is widely used for the diagnosis of bilio-pancreatic and gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases, for the evaluation of subepithelial lesions, and for sampling of lymph nodes and solid masses located next to the GI tract. The role of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare in growing.
  • 354
  • 16 Jun 2023
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