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Topic Review
Probiotics in the Treatment of Rotavirus Gastrointestinal Infections
Enteric viruses, including the rotavirus, norovirus, and adenoviruses, are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. The rotavirus disease is especially prevalent among children, and studies over the past decade have revealed complex interactions between rotaviruses and the gut microbiota. One way to treat and prevent dysbiosis is the use of probiotics as an antiviral agent.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Detection of Colorectal Cancer
Drug-specific therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer (CRC) have contributed to a significant improvement in the health status of patients. However, a great need to improve personalization of treatments based on genetic and epigenetic tumor profiles to maximize quality and efficacy while limiting cytotoxicity remains. Currently, CEA and CA 19-9 are the only validated blood biomarkers in clinical practice. For this reason, laboratories are trying to identify new specific prognostic and, more importantly, predictive biomarkers for CRC patient profiles. Thus, the unique landscape of personalized biomarker data should have a clinical impact on CRC treatment strategies and molecular genetic screening tests should become the standard method for CRC diagnosis, as well as detection of disease progression.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancers
Intersphincteric resection is an anus-preserving technique for low rectal cancers described by Schiessel et al. in 1994 as a combination of two techniques: the intersphincteric rectal excision for inflammatory bowel disease and the coloanal anastomosis for low rectal resections.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori Diagnosis
Helicobacter pylori infection still remains one of the most prevalent infections worldwide, especially in low-resource countries, and the major risk factor for peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. The "test-and-treat" strategy is recommended by several guidelines and consensus. The choice of testing method is based on patient age, presence of alarm signs and/or symptoms, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as local availability, test reliability and cost.  Culture is the gold standard to detect H. pylori and, possibly, to perform susceptibility testing, however, it requires upper endoscopy and dedicate labs. Recent advances in molecular biology provide new strategies in detecting the infection and antimicrobial resistance without invasive tests. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
The Human Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased verbal and social interactions, limited interests and activities, and repetitive behaviors. Along with these significant conditions, ASD regularly co-occurs with other clinical symptoms, including gastrointestinal disturbances (up to 70%), motor deficits (79%), sleep problems (50–80%), and intellectual disability (45%). The high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders among autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients has prompted scientists to look into the gut microbiota as a putative trigger in ASD pathogenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mesenteric Fibrosis
Authors: Anna Koumarianou, Krystallenia I. Alexandraki, Göran Wallin, Gregory Kaltsas and Kosmas Daskalakis. Objective: Mesenteric fibrosis (MF) constitutes an underrecognized sequela in patients with small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (SI-NENs), often complicating the disease clinical course. The aim of the present systematic review was to provide an update in evolving aspects of MF pathogenesis and its clinical management in SI-NENs. Search strategy: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Results: Complex and dynamic interactions are present in the microenvironment of tumor deposits in the mesentery. Serotonin, as well as the signaling pathways of certain growth factors play a pivotal, yet not fully elucidated role in the pathogenesis of MF. Clinically, MF often results in significant morbidity by causing either acute complications, such as intestinal obstruction and/or acute ischemia or more chronic conditions involving abdominal pain, venous stasis, malabsorption and malnutrition. Conclusions: Surgical resection in patients with locoregional disease only or symptomatic distant stage disease, as well as palliative minimally invasive interventions in advanced inoperable cases seem clinically meaningful, whereas currently available systemic and/or targeted treatments do not unequivocally affect the development of MF in SI-NENs. Increased awareness and improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MF in SI-NENs may provide better diagnostic and predictive tools for its timely recognition and intervention and also facilitates the development of agents targeting MF.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Diet-Derived Phytochemicals Modulate the Gut Microbiome
Diet-derived phytochemicals modulate microbiome that is found to offer significant protective effects against colorectal cancer (CRC). The person’s lifestyle and the eating pattern have significant impacts on the CRC in a positive and/or negative way. Phytochemicals are a concoction of various bioactive compounds directing various cell signaling pathways that altered gut microbiota composition. This may support to destroy malignant cells with minor risks of emerging drug resistance. The effectiveness of CRC can be reduced by the use of various dietary phytochemicals or modulating microbiome that reduces or inverses the progression of a tumor, which could be promising and efficient in reducing the burden of CRC. Phytochemicals with modulation of gut microbiome continue to be auspicious investigations in CRC through noticeable anti-tumorigenic effects, which provides new openings for cancer inhibition and treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bile Acids in the Liver and Gut Metabolism
Bile acids (BAs) represent heterogeneous amphipathic molecules that have both polar (water-soluble or hydrophilic) and apolar (water-insoluble or hydrophobic) parts, and therefore they can dissolve in water as well as in fat. The regulation of cholesterol homeostasis remains their main role in the host. The better water solubility in comparison with their precursor promotes cholesterol removal from the human body. The proper bile ratio of BAs and cholesterol prevents cholesterol precipitation and further formation of gallstones; therefore, the loss of BAs increases the risk of cholesterol stone development.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Choleretic and Cholagogic Effects of Anticholelithiatic Plants
A large number of people suffer from gall stone worldwide and this problem is now being increased significantly due to the malnutrition, changes in living style, lack of exercise and conditions i.e. industrialization. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to their cultural acceptability, efficacy, safety and fewer side effects as compared to modern synthetic medicines.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Large Intestine and Its Microbiota
The large intestine (intestinum crassum) is the last part of the digestive tract ensuring the resorption of water, amino acids, bile acids, salts, vitamins and removes unabsorbed residues such as feces. This organ is 1.3–1.4 m long and 5–8 cm wide.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2021
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