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Topic Review
Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy
Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging metabolic environments. However, since normal diets provide all AAs at relatively constant levels and ratios, these potentially lethal genetic and metabolic defects are eventually harmless to cancer cells. If the normal diet of cancer patients is temporarily replaced  with artificial diets in which the levels of specific AAs are manipulated, cancer cells may be unable to proliferate and survive. 
  • 215
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Nasal Nitric Oxide in Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis, a common allergic disease affecting a significant number of individuals worldwide, is observed in 25% of children and 40% of adults, with its highest occurrence between the ages of 20 and 40. Its pathogenesis, like other allergic diseases, involves innate and adaptive immune responses, characterized by immunologic hypersensitivity to environmental substances.
  • 143
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cow’s Milk Allergy Preventive Nutritional Strategies
Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common pediatric food allergies. The prevalence and severity of CMA have increased dramatically in the last decades, under the pressure of environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Among the environmental influences, nutritional factors play a crucial role. Diet is the most modifiable factor, representing a potential target for the prevention and treatment of CMA.
  • 154
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of IL-33 in Rhinovirus Infection
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a key cytokine involved in type-2 immunity and allergic airway disease. At the level of lung epithelial cells, where it is clearly expressed, IL-33 plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs. It has been widely demonstrated that in the course of respiratory virus infections, the release of IL-33 increases, with consequent pro-inflammatory effects and consequent exacerbation of the clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases.
  • 174
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cross-Reactivity of Fruit Allergens
Most of the allergenic proteins from fruits identified belong to different families of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. These PR proteins have been classified in different families of structurally and functionally unrelated proteins, but the majority of all fruit allergens belong to three groups, in particular PR-5 thaumatin-like proteins (TLP), PR-10 Bet v 1-like proteins, and PR-14 non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsTLP). The cross-reactivities between fruit allergens and homologous proteins from other vegetable, seed, and pollen sources account for different food-pollen syndromes. The allergens responsible for these food-pollen syndromes essentially consist of the pan-allergens nsLTPs, profilins, GRPs, β-1,3-glucanases, but also the seed storage proteins.
  • 329
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Spectrum of Dermatitis and Eczema
Dermatitis (eczema) is a noninfectious inflammation of the epidermis and dermis that manifests itself through an array of efflorescences, including erythema, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, papules, vesicles, scales, serous crusts and lichenification. Depending on the stage and intensity of the disease, these skin changes may emerge in various constellations simultaneously or may evolve from one another. They are typically accompanied by the subjective sensation of itch (pruritus), pain or stinging or burning sensations of various intensities. The histological picture of dermatitis/eczema includes spongiosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis or hyperkeratosis in the epidermis, in addition to lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration of the upper dermis and epidermis. The term “dermatitis” means literally “inflammation of the skin”; however, its use in dermatology is restricted to a subgroup of non-infectious inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical appearances, creating the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema (SoDE). Therefore, tinea (a fungal infection of the skin), psoriasis or inflammatory acne will not be referred to as “dermatitis” even though inflammation of the skin is their inherent feature. Depending on the country and dermatology school, the term “eczema” could refer to acute dermatitis (e.g., in the USA) or chronic dermatitis (e.g., in Germany). Moreover, some scholars maintain that “eczema” means dermatitis with a known cause, while “dermatitis” would suggest that there is no definite diagnosis yet. Finally, the term “eczema” is used by some scholars as a synonym of “atopic dermatitis” (AD), which should be strongly discouraged as misleading and confusing. In light of these contradictions, it seems most reasonable to consider the terms “dermatitis” and “eczema” synonyms.
  • 162
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bradykinin Metabolism
Bradykinin (BK) metabolism and its receptors play a central role in drug-induced angioedema (AE) without urticaria through increased vascular permeability. Many cardiovascular and diabetic drugs may cause BK-mediated AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and neprilysin inhibitors impair BK catabolism.
  • 161
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Kiwifruit’s Allergy in Children
Kiwifruit allergy is an emerging pathological condition in both general and pediatric populations with a wide range of symptoms linked to variable molecular patterns, justifying systemic and cross-reactions with other allergens (i.e., latex, pollen, and fruit). Skin prick test (SPT), specific serum IgE (Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, Act d 8, and Act d 10) directed against five out of thirteen molecular allergens described in the literature, and oral test challenge with kiwifruit are available for defining diagnosis. 
  • 239
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neurologic Symptoms of Long COVID
SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA coronavirus, causes an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Long-term complications are an increasing issue in patients who have been infected with COVID-19 and may be a result of persistent viral-associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation or may be attributed to virus-induced microvascular blood clots. COVID-19 may incite changes in brain function with a wide range of lingering symptoms. Patients often experience fatigue and may note brain fog, sensorimotor symptoms, headaches and sleep disturbances. Prolonged neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms are prevalent and can interfere substantially in everyday life, leading to a massive public health concern.
  • 515
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fusion Genes in Diseases and Their Detection
Oncogenic fusion proteins, arising from chromosomal rearrangements, have emerged as prominent drivers of tumorigenesis and crucial therapeutic targets in cancer research. The detection of gene fusions is essential for the identification of cancer and the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
  • 291
  • 07 Jul 2023
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