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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Pain
Pain medicine is a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach to help patients manage chronic pain. The definition of chronic pain has evolved to become less “non-specific” and to help aid in the proper classification of the disease. While the term can often be too generalized when describing a wide array of conditions, the future of chronic pain diagnosis and treatment is becoming more personalized and precision based. More optimized and specific chronic pain diagnoses can help avoid pooling together heterogenous conditions.
  • 142
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Classifications and Treatments for Gliomas
Gliomas pose a significant challenge to neurosurgical oncology because of their diverse histopathological features, genetic heterogeneity, and clinical manifestations. Despite significant advances in understanding the molecular pathways of glioma, translating this knowledge into effective long-term solutions remains a challenge. 
  • 205
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Interventions in at the Office
Workplace nutrition interventions have garnered attention as a pivotal component of employee well-being and organisational productivity. The narrative synthesis has demonstrated that behavioural and mixed (cognitive-behavioural) interventions are more effective rather than solely cognitive ones. Apart from the employees, employers also should be engaged into designing interventions as well. 
  • 117
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a cluster of pathological conditions primarily developed due to the accumulation of ectopic fat in the hepatocytes. During the severe form of the disease, i.e., metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), accumulated lipids promote lipotoxicity, resulting in cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatocellular ballooning. If left untreated, the advanced form of the disease progresses to fibrosis of the tissue, resulting in irreversible hepatic cirrhosis or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although numerous mechanisms have been identified as significant contributors to the development and advancement of MASLD, altered lipid metabolism continues to stand out as a major factor contributing to the disease.
  • 119
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Orodispersible Films
Orodispersible films (ODFs) are thin, mechanically strong, and flexible polymeric films that are designed to dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity for local and/or systemic drug delivery.
  • 217
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Evolving CAR-T-Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment
It is well recognized now that the development of drug resistance is one of the leading causes of treatment failure in conventional therapies. In comparison, improvements in immunotherapy showed promising results in eradicating cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy is one of the cancer immunotherapies that uses patient’s T cells and genetically modifies them to target cancer cells. Although CAR-T-cell therapy has shown remarkable success in treating blood cancer, it has proven far more limited in the treatment of solid tumors in different organs. 
  • 80
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Oligo-Recurrent and Oligo-Progressive Renal Cell Carcinoma
One-third of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) without metastases develop metastatic disease after extirpative surgery for the primary tumors. The majority of metastatic RCC cases, along with treated primary lesions, involve limited lesions termed “oligo-recurrent” disease. The role of metastasis-directed therapy (MDT), including stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and metastasectomy, in the treatment of oligo-recurrent RCC has evolved. Although the surgical resection of all lesions alone can have a curative intent, SBRT is a valuable treatment option, especially for patients concurrently receiving systemic therapy. Contemporary immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combination therapies remain central to the management of metastatic RCC. However, one objective of MDT is to delay the initiation of systemic therapies, thereby sparing patients from potentially unnecessary burdens. Undertaking MDT for cases showing progression under systemic therapies, known as “oligo-progression”, can be complex in considering the treatment approach. Its efficacy may be diminished compared to patients with stable disease. SBRT combined with ICI can be a promising treatment for these cases because radiation therapy has been shown to affect the tumor microenvironment and areas beyond the irradiated sites. This may enhance the efficacy of ICIs, although their efficacy has only been demonstrated in clinical trials.
  • 179
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Paternal Influence on Offspring Development
The paternal impact on fertilization, early embryonic development, and offspring health. The increase in paternal exposure to various pharmaceutical drugs, toxins, xenobiotics, radiations, pesticides, and dietary as well as other lifestyle factors has impacted vulnerable sperm beyond affecting the sperm quality and fertility potential to jeopardizing fetal development and offspring health. While there is substantial evidence in the literature explaining the paternal impact on offspring health, the evolution of these paternal effects is being brought to the surface. The paternal effect refers to a biological phenomenon in which the genotype or phenotype of the father exerts an influence on the phenotype of the offspring without altering its genotype. This effect can manifest in two primary forms: an adaptive manifestation, potentially conferring a survival advantage to the offspring, or a non-adaptive manifestation, which may have detrimental consequences or represent a neutral by-product of underlying biological processes.
  • 192
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Bidirectional Relationship between Endometriosis and Microbiota
Endometriosis is an inflammatory and estrogen-dependent condition, affecting approximately 6–10% of women in their reproductive years. The pathogenesis and histological findings are characterized by endometrial glandular and stromal tissue growing beyond the uterus. It is classified into three types: superficial, ovarian, and deep endometriosis. In addition to gynecological manifestations, many endometriosis patients experience gastrointestinal symptoms, indicating a potential association between gut health and the disease.
  • 133
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hsp90 and BRICHOS Chaperone Domain
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an extremely devastating neurodegenerative disease, and there is no cure for it. AD is specified as the misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and abnormalities in hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Current approaches to treat Alzheimer’s disease have had some success in slowing down the disease’s progression. Chaperone proteins act as molecular caretakers to facilitate cellular homeostasis under standard conditions. Chaperone proteins like heat shock proteins (Hsps) serve a pivotal role in correctly folding amyloid peptides, inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction, and peptide aggregation. For instance, Hsp90 plays a significant role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its protein folding mechanisms.
  • 140
  • 28 Dec 2023
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