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Topic Review
Antibacterial Designs for Implantable Medical Devices
The uses of implantable medical devices are safer and more common since sterilization methods and techniques were established a century ago; however, device-associated infections (DAIs) are still frequent and becoming a leading complication as the number of medical device implantations keeps increasing.
  • 3.1K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Prodrugs to Overcome Bacterial Resistance
Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive entities of active drugs that undergo biotransformation before eliciting their pharmacological effects. A prodrug strategy can be used to revive drugs discarded due to a lack of appropriate pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties, or high host toxicity. A special advantage of the use of the prodrug approach in the era of bacterial resistance is targeting resistant bacteria by developing prodrugs that require bacterium-specific enzymes to release the active drug. 
  • 179
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Antibacterial Secondary Metabolites of the Cyanobacterium Lyngbya Morphotype
Cyanobacteria ascribed to the genus Lyngbya (Family Oscillatoriaceae) represent a potential therapeutic gold mine of chemically and biologically diverse natural products that exhibit a wide array of biological properties. Phylogenetic analyses have established the Lyngbya ‘morpho-type’ as a highly polyphyletic group and have resulted in taxonomic revision and description of an additional six new cyanobacterial genera in the same family to date. Among the most prolific marine cyanobacterial producers of biologically active compounds are the species Moorena producens (previously L. majuscula, then Moorea producens), M. bouillonii (previously L. bouillonii), and L. confervoides. Over the years, compounding evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in support of the significant pharmaceutical potential of ‘Lyngbya’-derived natural products has made the Lyngbya morphotype a significant target for biomedical research and novel drug leads development. Researchers concluded compounds with reported anti-infective activities through 2022 from the Lyngbya morphotype, including new genera arising from recent phylogenetic re-classification. So far, 72 anti-infective secondary metabolites have been isolated from various Dapis, Lyngbya, Moorea, and Okeania species.
  • 441
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic Cement and Spine Surgery
Antibiotic bone cement (ABC) is an effective tool for the prophylaxis and treatment of osteomyelitis due to the controlled, sustained release of local antibiotics. ABC has been proven to be effective in the orthopedic fields of arthroplasty and extremity trauma, but the adoption of ABC in spine surgery is limited. The characteristics of ABC make it an optimal solution for treating vertebral osteomyelitis (VO), a serious complication following spine surgery, typically caused by bacterial and sometimes fungal and parasitic pathogens.
  • 398
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Hybrids
An emerging strategy in the fight against antimicrobial resistance is the development of antibiotic hybrids. The term “hybrid” suggests a two-component molecule with biological activity that retains the activity of the individual components after hybridization, acting synergistically. For example, hybrid drugs that incorporate two active compounds into a single molecule could be used to expand the biological activity and prevent the development of bacterial resistance.
  • 978
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Misuse
Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the development of antibiotic resistance, including the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs": relatively harmless bacteria (such as staphylococcus, enterococcus and acinetobacter) can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.
  • 871
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are defined as natural or synthetic chemicals inhibiting both the growth and survival of microorganisms. These compounds have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly a century. With the human population growth increasingly, antibiotics become preventive agents in the agricultural and animal industry. The multi-faceted global use and misuse of antibiotics led to the evolution of bacteria into antibiotic resistant species. Advantageous mutations cause antibiotic tolerance, which is transmitted to offspring (vertical evolution) or to another bacteria via conjugation, transduction, or transformation mode (horizontal evolution), that are then are then passed down to progeny (vertical evolution). Antibiotic resistance progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, threatening public health. Probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies to antibiotic resistant bacteria emerge as primary or adjunct preventive measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Bacteriophages and predatory bacteria, as well as utilization of bacterial communication quorum sensing considered as new ecosystem-influenced methods to tackle multidrug-resistant bacteria. Mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes vary in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings, this need to be accounted in selections of preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. 
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
Despite the declining trend of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) prevalence around the globe, ongoing efforts are still needed to optimize current and future regimens in view of the increasing antibiotic resistance. The resistance of H. pylori to different antibiotics is caused by different molecular mechanisms, and advancements in sequencing technology have come a far way in broadening our understanding and in facilitating the testing of antibiotic susceptibility to H. pylori.
  • 442
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Bronchiectasis
Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is a chronic disorder in which immune system dysregulation and impaired airway clearance cause mucus accumulation and consequent increased susceptibility to lung infections. The presence of pathogens in the lower respiratory tract causes a vicious circle resulting in impaired mucociliary function, bronchial inflammation, and progressive lung injury. In current guidelines, antibiotic therapy has a key role in bronchiectasis management to treat acute exacerbations and chronic infection and to eradicate bacterial colonization. 
  • 680
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
H. pylori is a “fastidious” microorganism; culture methods are time-consuming and technically challenging. The advent of molecular biology techniques has enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypic resistance to antibiotics in H. pylori.
  • 789
  • 12 Oct 2021
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