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Topic Review
Therapeutic Agents Targeting Immune Mediators in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as acne inversa (AI), is a chronic, recurrent, debilitating skin disease thought to involve occlusion of the hair follicle at the pilosebaceous unit (PSU) such as axillary, inguinal, and anogenital regions. Clinically, HS manifests as painful inflammatory nodules, abscesses, and interconnected tunnels emitting malodorous discharge and results in disfiguring scarring that has a considerable impact on a patient’s quality of life. 
  • 80
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Vegetarian Diets and Chronic Kidney Disease Complications
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that higher consumption of plant-based foods and the nutrients found in vegetarian and plant-based diets are associated with numerous health benefits, including improved blood pressure, glycemic control, lipid levels, body mass index, and acid–base parameters. Furthermore, there has been increasing recognition that vegetarian and plant-based diets may have potential salutary benefits in preventing the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While increasing evidence shows that vegetarian and plant-based diets have nephroprotective effects, there remains some degree of uncertainty about their nutritional adequacy and safety in CKD (with respect to protein-energy wasting, hyperkalemia, etc.). 
  • 463
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Antinuclear Antibodies
The discovery of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in the mid-20th century during studies on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) marked a significant breakthrough.
  • 137
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential Targets for Conservative Interventions for Acute Concussions
The conservative paradigm is applicable to pain management for sports injuries. While pain is an injury symptom in the acute period, it can become uncoupled in the sub-acute phase from the injury that first caused it, evolving into its own distinct disease state. Classic examples of this in sports are when acute neck or back injuries transition into chronic low back pain (CLBP) or whiplash-associated disorders (WADs).
  • 172
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a noninfectious granulomatous vasculitis of unknown etiology affecting individuals older than 50 years. Two forms of GCA have been identified: a cranial form involving the medium-caliber temporal artery causing temporal arteritis (TA) and an extracranial form involving the large vessels, mainly the thoracic aorta and its branches. GCA generally affects individuals with a genetic predisposition, but several epigenetic (micro)environmental factors are often critical for the onset of this vasculitis.
  • 214
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms in Sports-Related Concussions
Formerly referred to as “post-concussion syndrome”, the term persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) was forwarded in the Berlin Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport (2016), in part due to the stigma surrounding the term “syndrome”. This was loosely defined as concussion symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks in children and 4 weeks in adults, a definition later adopted by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) in 2019. In the latest Amsterdam consensus statement, the PPCS definition was updated to denote symptoms lasting for >4 weeks in all age groups.
  • 233
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative vascular ailment affecting the retina. It is the main risk factor for visual impairment and blindness in infants and young children worldwide. If left undiagnosed and untreated, it can progress to retinal detachment and severe visual impairment. Geographical variations in ROP epidemiology have emerged over recent decades, attributable to differing levels of care provided to preterm infants across countries and regions. 
  • 195
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Microbial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management
Microorganisms play an indirect role in affecting the emergence, natural course, and/or severity of various cancers. The presence of a unique microbiome in breast tissue, previously unacknowledged, has gained recognition through research. Microbiome dissimilarities have been observed between healthy and cancerous breast tissue, implying that cancer may disturb the natural balance of the microbiome in this area. Interestingly, breast tumor tissue showed a decrease in total bacterial DNA, and an inverse relationship was observed between the bacterial DNA load and advanced cancer stages.
  • 117
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Continuous Spike–Waves during Slow Sleep
In the context of childhood epilepsy, the concept of continuous spike–waves during slow sleep (CSWS) includes several childhood-onset heterogeneous conditions that share electroencephalograms (EEGs) characterized by a high frequency of paroxysmal abnormalities during sleep, which have negative effects on the cognitive development and behavior of the child. These negative effects may have the characteristics of a clear regression or of a slowdown in development. Seizures are very often present, but not constantly. The above makes it clear why CSWS have been included in epileptic encephalopathies, in which, by definition, frequent EEG paroxysmal abnormalities have an unfavorable impact on cognitive functions, including socio-communicative skills, causing autistic features, even regardless of the presence of clinically overt seizures.
  • 174
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Legumes and Health Sustainability
Legumes belong to the botanical family of Fabaceae (Leguminosae), and those which are consumed by humans are categorized into oilseed legumes (soybeans and peanuts) and non-oilseed legumes.
  • 105
  • 05 Feb 2024
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