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Topic Review
Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Obesity or excessive weight gain is identified as the most important and significant risk factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in all age groups. It has reached pandemic dimensions, making the treatment of obesity crucial in the prevention and management of type 2 DM worldwide. 
  • 165
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Collagen and the Knee’s Structural Integrity
Collagens represent the predominant protein class in mammals, accounting for approximately 30% of the total protein mass and serving as a fundamental component of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • 138
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Scenario of Kidney Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress
Kidney fibrosis, diffused into the interstitium, vessels, and glomerulus, is the main pathologic feature associated with loss of renal function and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fibrosis may be triggered in kidney diseases by different genetic and molecular insults. 
  • 186
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Infectious Tattoo-Related Side Effects
Tattooing is the procedure of implanting permanent pigment granules and additives into the dermal layer of the skin, serving various purposes such as decoration, medical identification, or accidental markings. There has been a significant rise in the popularity of decorative tattooing as a form of body art among both teenagers and young adults. Thus, the incidence of tattoos is increasing, with expanding applications such as permanent makeup, scar camouflage, nipple–areola, lips, and eyebrows tattooing, and utilization in oncological radiotherapy such as colon marking. However, there have been reported a broad range of adverse reactions linked to tattooing, encompassing allergic reactions, superficial and deep cutaneous infections, autoimmune disorders induced by the Koebner phenomenon, cutaneous tumors, and others.
  • 143
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Maternal Cytomegalovirus Infection
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an enveloped DNA virus that, like other members of the herpes virus family, establishes a lifelong latency period after primary infection and becomes resident in monocytes and granulocytes. For this reason, vertical transmission can occur through primary infection, reactivation of the disease, or even contamination with another strain. CMV infection is spread through contact with contaminated bodily secretions (such as urine, saliva, genital secretions, and breast milk) and generally causes few symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, but can cause serious damage in immunosuppressed individuals, including fetuses. CMV infection is the most common congenital infection worldwide, affecting between 0.7% and 1% of all live births. Approximately 11% of infected newborns are symptomatic at birth, and between 30% and 40% of these are at risk of developing long-term neurological sequelae.
  • 184
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biochemical Monitoring of Aortic Aneurysm Disease
Aortic aneurysm (AA) disease is intractable. There are many different subtypes which may or may not include a genetic component. The pathology is different based on aneurysm location. Environmental factors, co-morbidities, and sex all differentially affect aneurysm formation and progression. Despite advancements in the understanding of the complex pathobiology of AAs, no efficient method for monitoring exists, and it is becoming clear that no single diagnostic approach will begin to address the many disparate pathological consequences.
  • 179
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma is a public health problem. Pathogenic pathways and the tumor microclimate are key to the development of therapeutic methods. Revolutionary therapies like targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are starting to replace traditional therapeutic methods. Targeted therapy aims at a specific molecule in the pathogenic chain to block it, stopping cell growth and dissemination. The main function of immune checkpoint inhibitors is to boost cellular immunity in order to combat cancer cells.
  • 106
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Optimum Biopsy Site for Direct Immunofluorescence
Direct immunofluorescence of skin and oral mucosa is a vital diagnostic test for assessing vesiculobullous disorders, vasculitides, and connective tissue diseases. It is a robust and valuable technique that offers essential diagnostic information for many critical dermatoses. Dermatopathologists depend heavily on the data obtained from direct immunofluorescence evaluation to confirm final diagnoses. 
  • 323
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Strategy for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs), such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are fully related to the unregulated innate and adaptive immune systems involved in their pathogenesis. They have similar pathogenic characteristics, including the interferon signature, loss of tolerance to self-nuclear antigens, and enhanced tissue damage like necrosis and fibrosis. Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, which have limited specificity and are prone to tolerance, are used as the first-line therapy. A plethora of novel immunotherapies have been developed, including monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, and other biological agents to target cellular and soluble factors involved in disease pathogenesis, such as B cells, co-stimulatory molecules, cytokines or their receptors, and signaling molecules. Many of these have shown encouraging results in clinical trials. CAR-T cell therapy is considered the most promising technique for curing autoimmune diseases, with recent successes in the treatment of SLE and SSc.
  • 205
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Properties of Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae
Since ancient times, various scientists and doctors have utilized different herbs to heal diseases. Due to the rise in drug resistance and the negative effects of chemosynthetic drugs, researchers and the general public around the world have become more interested in medicinal herbs and plant metabolites/extracts. This is due to its non-toxicity and its several health benefits when used to treat diseases in clinical and medical settings. Ocimum basilicum is one such plant, possessing a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids and glycosides, as well as complex pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing and antiviral properties.
  • 223
  • 07 Feb 2024
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