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Topic Review
EEG Characteristics in Children with Reading Disorders
Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of children with reading disorders (RDs) are characterized by a higher theta and a lower alpha than those of typically developing children. Neurofeedback (NFB) may be helpful for treating learning disorders by reinforcing a reduction in the theta/alpha ratio. Several studies have suggested that NFB may lead to EEG power normalization and cognitive improvements. 
  • 140
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Clostridioides difficile Mouse Model
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium associated with intestinal infection, manifesting a broad spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe colitis. A primary risk factor for the development of C. difficile infection (CDI) is antibiotic exposure. Elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly vulnerable to CDI. A pivotal aspect for comprehending the complexities of this infection relies on the utilization of experimental models that mimic human CDI transmission, pathogenesis, and progression. These models offer invaluable insights into host–pathogen interactions and disease dynamics, and serve as essential tools for testing potential therapeutic approaches.
  • 239
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Managing Colorectal Cancer from Ethology to Interdisciplinary Treatment
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, which has become a serious threat to human health worldwide. CRC is a complex disease due to its extensive heterogeneity; thus, effective treatment could be enhanced by the implementation of a personalized medicine approach. Despite constantly improved diagnostic and individualized therapeutic methods, CRC remains one of the biggest problems of contemporary medicine. Knowledge of the basic risk factors, early clinical symptoms, and available screening tests, as well as the preservation of oncological alert, allow the proper targeting of the diagnostic process and, consequently, the earlier diagnosis of the disease. Undoubtedly, new research at the molecular and genetic level allows us to precisely understand the process of initiation and progression of cancerous diseases and, consequently, precise, personalized prevention and treatment.
  • 96
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Unlike classic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) causes multiple microthrombosis due to an increased inflammatory response, known as a “thrombotic storm”. CAPS typically develops after infection, trauma, or surgery and begins with the following symptoms: fever, thrombocytopenia, muscle weakness, visual and cognitive disturbances, abdominal pain, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood is one of the diagnostic criteria, the level of these antibodies can fluctuate significantly, which complicates the diagnostic process and can lead to erroneous interpretation of rapidly developing symptoms.
  • 209
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) with multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a major cause of serious healthcare-associated infections, leading to high morbidity and mortality. This opportunistic pathogen is responsible for various infectious diseases, such as those seen in cystic fibrosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infection, otitis externa, and burn and wound injuries. Due to its relatively large genome, P. aeruginosa has great diversity and can use various molecular mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance. 
  • 187
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis.
  • 195
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anticancer Oximes
Among the indole-based oximes and oxime ethers, derivatives of indirubin (5) have been extensively investigated for their anticancer activity.
  • 265
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Connectome-Based Neurosurgery in Primary Intra-Axial Neoplasms
Despite the therapeutical advancements in the surgical treatment of primary intra-axial neoplasms, which determined both a significative improvement in overall survival (OS) and QoL and a reduction in the incidence of surgery-induced major neurological deficits, nowadays patients continue to manifest subtle post-operative neurocognitive impairments, preventing them from a full reintegration back into social life and into the workforce. The birth of connectomics paved the way for a profound reappraisal of the traditional conception of brain architecture, in favour of a model based on large-scale structural and functional interactions of a complex mosaic of cortical areas organized in a fluid network interconnected by subcortical bundles.
  • 169
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of NMNAT2/SARM1 in Neuropathy Development
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) commonly arises as a side effect of diverse cancer chemotherapy treatments. This condition presents symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and altered sensation in patients, often accompanied by neuropathic pain. Pathologically, CIPN is characterized by an intensive “dying-back” axonopathy, starting at the intra-epidermal sensory innervations and advancing retrogradely. The lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its underlying mechanisms explains the absence of effective treatments for CIPN. Recent investigations into axon degeneration mechanisms have pinpointed nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 protein (SARM1) as pivotal mediators of injury-induced axonal degeneration. 
  • 99
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Preparing for and Not Waiting for Surgery
Cancer surgery is an essential treatment strategy but can disrupt patients’ physical and psychological health. Perioperative medicine is a growing speciality that aims to improve clinical outcome by preparing patients for the stress associated with surgery. Preparation should begin at contemplation of surgery, with universal screening for established risk factors, physical fitness, nutritional status, psychological health, and, where applicable, frailty and cognitive function. 
  • 202
  • 23 Feb 2024
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