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Topic Review
Multicomponent Mixtures and Single Compounds from Lentinula edodes
Apart from the isolation of single substances, complexly composed products, so-called multicomponent mixtures (more than one constituent substances, MOCSs), are obtained from the natural materials. A multicomponent mixture contains numerous individual constituents with different functionalities. By using the example of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, shiitake, it is shown that this is the case not only for plants but also for medicinal mushrooms. Lentinan, a polysaccharide isolated from the mycelium, is used as a single compound as part of an integrated tumor therapy.
  • 116
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Exosomes in the Regulation of NPC Immune Response
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy prevalent in Southeast Asia with the highest metastatic rate amongst other head and neck cancers. The absence of symptoms and unique anatomical positioning often result in late diagnosis, with resistance to chemo/radiotherapy further impacting its prognosis. Tumour-derived exosomes (TEX) have a significant impact on anti-tumour immunity. They can impede the function of immune cells such as T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), preventing them from being activated or inducing their dysfunction. Additionally, TEX can also stimulate the recruitment and production of immunosuppressive cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), further weakening the immune response against cancer.
  • 134
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Vascular Diseases in Women
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, yet its magnitude is often underestimated. Biological and gender differences affect health, diagnosis, and healthcare in numerous ways. The lack of sex and gender awareness in health research and healthcare is an ongoing issue that affects not only research but also treatment and outcomes. The importance of recognizing the impacts of both sex and gender on health and of knowing the differences between the two in healthcare is beginning to gain ground. There is more appreciation of the roles that biological differences (sex) and sociocultural power structures (gender) have, and both sex and gender affect health behavior, the development of diseases, their diagnosis, management, and the long-term effects of an illness. 
  • 117
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
P. falciparum Invasion and Erythrocyte Aging
Plasmodium parasites need to find red blood cells (RBCs) that, on the one hand, expose receptors for the pathogen ligands and, on the other hand, maintain the right geometry to facilitate merozoite attachment and entry into the red blood cell. Both characteristics change with the maturation of erythrocytes. 
  • 92
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Current Application of DNSPEs in Drug Delivery
A drug nanocrystal self-stabilized Pickering emulsion (DNSPE) is a novel Pickering emulsion with drug nanocrystals as the stabilizer. As a promising drug delivery system, DNSPEs have attracted increasing attention due to their high drug loading capacity and ability to reduce potential safety hazards posed by surfactants or specific solid particles.
  • 119
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Nephrotic Glomerular Diseases
The nephrotic syndrome holds significant clinical importance and is characterized by a substantial protein loss in the urine. Damage to the glomerular basement membrane or podocytes frequently underlies renal protein loss. There is an increasing belief in the involvement of the complement system, a part of the innate immune system, in these conditions. Understanding the interactions between the complement system and glomerular structures continually evolves, challenging the traditional view of the blood–urine barrier as a passive filter. Clinical studies suggest that a precise inhibition of the complement system at various points may soon become feasible.
  • 77
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome Changes in Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa (AN) remains a challenging condition in psychiatric management and its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. An imbalance in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to its pathophysiology. There is an imbalance in gut microbiota composition leads to reduced short-chain fatty acids, contributing to a proinflammatory state in AN, which is also common in other psychiatric comorbidities. Microbial changes may also contribute to the semistarvation state through endocrine changes and altered energy utilization.
  • 86
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Asterixis
Asterixis is a subtype of negative myoclonus characterized by brief, arrhythmic lapses of sustained posture due to involuntary pauses in muscle contraction. Asterixis is not specific to any pathophysiological process, but it is more commonly reported in hepatic encephalopathy, renal and respiratory failure, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as associated with drugs that could potentially lead to hyperammonemia, such as valproic acid, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. 
  • 206
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
ADAM33′s Role in Asthma Pathogenesis
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease involving reversible airway obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), mucus overproduction, and airway narrowing and remodeling. The symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness and may become aggravated at night or during physical activity, resulting in decreased life quality, impaired productivity, and significant utilization of healthcare resources. Younger individuals are affected more frequently than adults: 9.1% of children, 11.0% of adolescents, and 6.6% of adults experience asthma symptoms, and the prevalence across all age groups is increased in high-income countries. The worldwide mortality rate for childhood asthma reaches up to 0.7 deaths per 100,000, and children who suffer from severe asthma have a greater risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adulthood. Genes play a larger role in children’s asthma. 
  • 97
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Novel MRI Tools for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Risk Stratification
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common genetic disorder with a well described risk of sudden cardiac death; however, risk stratification has remained a challenge. Recently, novel parameters in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) have shown promise in helping to improve upon current risk stratification paradigms. 
  • 142
  • 28 Feb 2024
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