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Topic Review
Gene Therapies and Wet  Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease and the most common cause of vision loss in the Western World. In its advanced stage, AMD occurs in two clinically distinguished forms, dry and wet, but only wet AMD is treatable. However, the treatment based on repeated injections with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antagonists may at best stop the disease progression and prevent or delay vision loss but without an improvement of visual dysfunction. Moreover, it is a serious mental and financial burden for patients and may be linked with some complications. 
  • 94
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lymphocyte Subpopulations during the Process of Sepsis
Sepsis remains a global challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where there is an urgent need for easily accessible and cost-effective biomarkers to predict the occurrence and prognosis of sepsis. Lymphocyte counts are easy to measure clinically, and a large body of animal and clinical research has shown that lymphocyte counts are closely related to the incidence and prognosis of sepsis.
  • 169
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut–brain–microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the potential involvement of bacterial molecules in neuroinflammation and brain development disruptions.
  • 117
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Studies in Eating Disorders
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious mental health conditions characterised by impaired eating behaviours and nutrition as well as disturbed body image, entailing considerable mortality and morbidity. Psychopharmacological medication is an important component in the treatment of EDs.
  • 122
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Genomic Alterations in Melanocytic Tumors
Significant advances in tumor genomics have provided insight into the biology and proliferation of melanocytic tumors. Integration of clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular alterations has given rise to better identification of certain melanocytic proliferations that were most likely previously lumped in the “uncertain biologic potential” category. 
  • 143
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Dyslipidemia Treatment
Dyslipidemia plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Current guidelines for treating dyslipidemia focus on low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL-C). Despite advances in the pharmacotherapy of atherosclerosis, the most successful agents used to treat this disease—statins—remain insufficient in the primary or secondary prevention of acute myocardial infarction. Advancing therapy for hypercholesterolemia with emerging new drugs, either as monotherapy or in combination, is expected to improve cardiovascular outcomes. 
  • 162
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Determinants of VLBWs’ Nutrition with Maternal Milk
The low prevalence and short duration of Mother’s Own Milk (MOM) feeding among Very Low-Birth-Weight infants (VLBWs) infants have been associated with several factors. Several studies have shown that mothers who are not married, younger, have a lower educational level, are smokers, multiparous and do not attend prenatal care are less likely to feed their infants with MOM. Furthermore, infants with a lower gestational age, lower birth weight, severe neonatal morbidities and longer hospital stays are less likely to be fed with breast milk. The European EPICE cohort has also explored the maternal, obstetric and infant factors, as well as the maternal and neonatal unit policies that may influence MOM feeding at hospital discharge. Vaginal delivery, singleton delivery and MOM consumption at the first meal have been associated with exclusive MOM feeding, while a positive association with any MOM feeding at discharge is described for factors such as the administration of prenatal corticosteroids, primiparity, timing < 24 h after birth before the first enteral feeding and MOM consumption at the first meal. 
  • 164
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Efficacy of Spirulina Supplementation on Diabetes
As a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a blue-green cyanobacterium, classified as a “superfood”, used worldwide as a nutraceutical food supplement due to its remarkable nutritional value, lack of toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Many research studies have demonstrated that Spirulina has therapeutic functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, and brain-protective properties.
  • 282
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune systemic disorder of the connective tissue that does not affect only one certain organ but has a diversified effect all over the body. The etiology of SLE is may be idiopathic, genetic, hormonal, or environmental. The diagnosis of SLE is difficult and requires a series of tests and findings which can be systemic or ocular. Approximately one-third of those diagnosed with SLE experience ocular manifestations that range from mild to severe sight-threatening conditions. Ocular manifestations of SLE include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, uveitis, and posterior segment pathologic signs.
  • 179
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Development and Regulatory Approval of Biosimilars
Biological therapies have transformed high-burden treatments. As the patent and exclusivity period for biological medicines draws to a close, there is a possibility for the development and authorization of biosimilars. These products boast comparable levels of safety, quality, and effectiveness to their precursor reference products. Biosimilars, although similar to reference products, are not identical copies and should not be considered generic substitutes for the original. Their development and evaluation involve a rigorous step-by-step process that includes analytical, functional, and nonclinical evaluations and clinical trials. Clinical studies conducted for biosimilars aim to establish similar efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity, rather than demonstrating a clinical benefit, as with the reference product. 
  • 118
  • 29 Feb 2024
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