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Topic Review
Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Metal Allergy
Metal allergy is mainly an environmental disorder which can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Environmental metal exposures include jewelry, everyday metal items, mobile phones, leather, metal-rich food and implants, including stents or anchors. While consumer exposure is liable for the majority of metal hypersensitivity cases, the significance of occupational exposure to metals remains relevant. The most common metal allergens are nickel, chromium, and cobalt.
  • 841
  • 08 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensing of Dopamine Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are biochemical molecules that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, thus being essential to the function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Dopamine is one of the most important catecholamine neurotransmitters since it is involved in many functions of the human central nervous system, including motor control, reward, or reinforcement. It is of utmost importance to quantify the amount of dopamine since abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. 
  • 841
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte nowadays translated as "cell"). A schistocyte is a red blood cell undergoing fragmentation, or a fragmented part of a red blood cell.
  • 839
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
KCNQ Channels
The broad distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) in the human body makes them a critical component for the study of physiological and pathological function. Within the KCNQ family of VGKCs, these aqueous conduits serve an array of critical roles in homeostasis, especially in neural tissue.
  • 840
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a chronic debilitating disease caused by imbalanced bone remodeling processes that impair the structural integrity of bone. Over the last ten years, the association between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and osteoporosis has been studied in both pre-clinical and clinical investigations. FGF23 is a bone-derived endocrine factor that regulates mineral homeostasis via the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs)/αKlotho complex. These receptors are expressed in kidney and the parathyroid gland. Preclinical studies have supported the link between the local actions of FGF23 on the bone remodeling processes. In addition, clinical evidence regarding the effects of FGF23 on bone mass and fragility fractures suggest potential diagnostic and prognostic applications of FGF23 in clinical contexts, particularly in elderly and patients with chronic kidney disease. However, inconsistent findings exist and there are areas of uncertainty requiring exploration.
  • 840
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Towards a More Sustainable Nutrition
The concept of sustainable nutrition considers different fields: from human health to environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects. Currently, in Europe, the diets that reflect the assumptions of the sustainable diet are the Mediterranean Diet and the New Nordic Diet. They both encourage the consumption of vegetable, organic and minimally processed foods, as well as regional, seasonal and Fair-Trade products, reducing the ecological impact of the production chain. These eating habits could be established starting from the prenatal period and from infancy during the complementary feeding stage, aiding children to accept of a more variable diet in terms of flavor, taste and texture. In particular, the positive parental role model is an effective method for improving a child’s diet and behaviors. Two healthy plates representing a sustainable diet in early infancy, at 6 and 24 months, are here proposed, in line with the “Planetary Health Diet” approved by the EAT-Lancet Commission.
  • 840
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Amylin Receptors
Amylin, a peptide hormone with 37 residue units, has been linked as a putative target for cognitive damage and glycemic irregularities in relation to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity.
  • 839
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
As medicine continues to advance our understanding of and knowledge about the complex and multifactorial nature of cancer, new major technological challenges have emerged in the design of analytical methods capable of characterizing and assessing the dynamic heterogeneity of cancer for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring, as required by precision medicine. With this aim, novel nanotechnological approaches have been pursued and developed for overcoming intrinsic and current limitations of conventional methods in terms of rapidity, sensitivity, multiplicity, non-invasive procedures and cost. Eminently, a special focus has been put on their implementation in liquid biopsy analysis. Among optical nanosensors, those based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have been attracting tremendous attention due to the combination of the intrinsic prerogatives of the technique (e.g., sensitivity and structural specificity) and the high degree of refinement in nano-manufacturing, which translate into reliable and robust real-life applications.
  • 839
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Dysbiosis and Neurocognitive Disorders
While lifesaving achievements allowed for cancer cure in many patients, cancer survivors may suffer from long-term adverse effects substantially altering their quality of life and reintegration into normal life. Chemotherapy damages the intestinal mucosa and heavily disrupts the gut ecosystem leading to gastrointestinal toxicity. Increasing evidence from animal models and clinical studies demonstrated the associations between intestinal dysbiosis and depression, anxiety, pain, and impaired cognitive functions. Recently, the emerging role of the microbiome in chemotherapy-induced late effects affecting cognitive functions in cancer survivors has been proposed. 
  • 839
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a critical global burden, with 103.12 million individuals affected and an estimated increase to 160.5 million by 2045. It represents a common and preventable complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes affecting the adult working population. Neurodegeneration is a critical element of diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis. The neuronal cells’ apoptosis contributes to microvascular impairment and blood–retinal barrier breakdown.
  • 839
  • 03 Mar 2022
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