Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Urethral Mesh Assessment in Cancer Patients
Urethral mesh placement has become a common surgical intervention for the management of stress urinary incontinence. While this procedure offers significant benefits, it is not without potential complications. By understanding the spectrum of normal findings of urethral mesh and the possible complications, clinicians can improve patient outcomes and make inf
  • 246
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Retinal Ganglion Cell Structure and Function in Glaucoma
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, primarily affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Glaucoma is a multifactorial eye disease defined by the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, eventually leading to irreversible vision loss. It has been projected that the worldwide prevalence of individuals affected by glaucoma will experience a substantial growth of 74% between the years 2013 and 2040. Glaucoma poses significant clinical and public health challenges as one of the leading causes of blindness around the globe. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) remains a significant risk factor and therapeutic target for glaucoma, it is becoming increasingly apparent that other factors may play a role in the disease’s pathogenesis and progression. The structure and function of RGCs, which serve as the ultimate output neurons of the retina and transmit visual information to the brain, are among the most crucial components being studied.
  • 315
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Noncoding RNAs in Macrophage Polarization
Allergy is a type 2 immune reaction triggered by antigens known as allergens, including food and environmental substances such as peanuts, plant pollen, fungal spores, and the feces and debris of mites and insects. Macrophages are myeloid immune cells with phagocytic abilities that process exogenous and endogenous antigens. Upon activation, they can produce effector molecules such as cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory molecules. The dysregulation of macrophage function can lead to excessive type 1 inflammation as well as type 2 inflammation, which includes allergic reactions. Thus, it is important to better understand how macrophages are regulated in the pathogenesis of allergies. Emerging evidence highlights the role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in macrophage polarization, which in turn can modify the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated diseases, including allergies.
  • 260
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
“Small Hepatocytes” in the Liver
Mature hepatocytes (MHs) in an adult rodent liver are categorized into the following three subpopulations based on their proliferative capability: type I cells (MH-I), which are committed progenitor cells that possess a high growth capability and basal hepatocytic functions; type II cells (MH-II), which possess a limited proliferative capability; and type III cells (MH-III), which lose the ability to divide (replicative senescence) and reach the final differentiated state. These subpopulations may explain the liver’s development and growth after birth. Generally, small-sized hepatocytes emerge in mammal livers. The cells are characterized by being morphologically identical to hepatocytes except for their size, which is substantially smaller than that of ordinary MHs. We initially discovered small hepatocytes (SHs) in the primary culture of rat hepatocytes.
  • 293
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Apolipoprotein E Epigenetics on Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Modifications of gene expression (epigenetic alterations) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of complex diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a major lipid carrier in the central nervous system, possesses three variants, E2, E3, and E4, with APOE4 increasing the risk of developing AD. 
  • 526
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide as a Therapeutic Agent against SARS-CoV-2
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in both the cardiopulmonary and immune systems, which has already been reported as a worthy candidate for use in the treatment of human coronavirus infections, including COVID-19, because of its antivirus activity and its beneficial effects in the treatment of clinical complications in patients. In fact, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), as a potent vasodilator, was approved to improve oxygenation in term and near-term neonates, and has been used in clinical settings. Along with its putative antiviral affect, iNO can reduce inflammatory cell-mediated lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil activation, lowering pulmonary vascular resistance, and decreasing edema in the alveolar spaces, thus collectively enhancing ventilation/perfusion matching.
  • 250
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 Axis in Sarcopenia
The high prevalence of sarcopenia in an aging population has an underestimated impact on quality of life by increasing the risk of falls and subsequent hospitalization. Unfortunately, the application of the major established key therapeutic—physical activity—is challenging in the immobile and injured sarcopenic patient. Consequently, novel therapeutic directions are needed. The transcription factor Forkhead-Box-Protein O3 (FOXO3) may be an option, as it and its targets have been observed to be more highly expressed in sarcopenic muscle.
  • 150
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Prostate Cancer
Chemotherapy based on taxane-class drugs is the gold standard for treating advanced stages of various oncological diseases. Drug resistance is the result of a combination of different events in the tumor cells under the influence of the drug, a comprehensive understanding of which has yet to be determined.
  • 270
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue and Physical Exercise
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
  • 264
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation in Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure is a terminal point of a vast majority of cardiac or extracardiac causes affecting around 1–2% of the global population and more than 10% of the people above the age of 65. Inflammation is persistently associated with chronic diseases, contributing in many cases to the progression of disease. Even in a low inflammatory state, past studies raised the question of whether inflammation is a constant condition, or if it is, rather, triggered in different amounts, according to the phenotype of heart failure. 
  • 150
  • 20 Dec 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1352
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback