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Topic Review
Titanium Wear of Dental Implants
Titanium is considered high-ly biocompatible with low corrosion and toxicity, but recent studies indicate that this understand-ing may be misleading as the properties of the material change drastically when titanium nano-particles (NPs) are shed from implant surfaces. These NPs are immunogenic and are associated with a macrophage-mediated inflammatory response by the host.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Food Literacy
Food literacy is the scaffolding that empowers individuals, households, communities or nations to protect diet quality through change and strengthen dietary resilience over time. It is composed of a collection of inter-related knowledge, skills and behaviours required to plan, manage, select, prepare and eat food to meet needs and determine intake. The term ‘food literacy’ has gained momentum globally; however, a lack of clarity around its definition has resulted in inconsistencies in use of the term. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a systematic scoping review to describe the use, reach, application and definitions of the term ‘food literacy’ over time. (2) Methods: A search was conducted using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines in seven research databases without any date limitations up to 31 December2019, searching simply for use of the term ‘food literacy’. (3) Results: Five hundred and forty-nine studies were included. The term ‘food literacy’ was used once in 243 articles (44%) and mentioned by researchers working in 41 countries. Original research was the most common article type (n= 429,78%). Food literacy was published across 72 In Cites disciplines, with 456 (83%) articles from the last5 years. In articles about food literacy (n= 82, 15%), review articles were twice as prevalent compared to the total number of articles (n= 10, 12% vs.n= 32, 6%). Fifty-one different definitions of food literacy were cited. (4) Conclusions: ‘Food literacy’ has been used frequently and broadly across differing article types and disciplines in academic literature internationally. However, agreement on a standardised definition of food literacy endorsed by a peak international agency is needed in order to progress the field.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Metastasis
Metastasis is the process of dissemination of a tumor, whereby cells from the primary site dislodge and find their way to other tissues where secondary tumors establish. Metastasis is the primary cause of death related to cancer. This process warrants changes in original tumoral cells and their microenvironment to establish a metastatic niche. Traditionally, cancer therapy has focused on metastasis prevention by systematic treatments or direct surgical re-sectioning. However, metastasis can still occur. More recently, new therapies direct their attention to targeting cancer stem cells. As they propose, these cells could be the orchestrators of the metastatic niche.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Warburg Effect
The pioneering observation by Otto Warburg that an elevated glucose consumption by cancer cells is associated with a restraint of oxygen consumption and elevated aerobic glycolysis, induced several researches on the molecular changes involved in the metabolic deregulation of cancer cells. This review analyzes the relationships between the deregulationn of respiration and glycolysis, the defective cancer mitochondria, the molecular and biochemical alterations involved in cancer pathogenesis and progression and  new approaches to cancer therapy aimed at the correction of the molecular and metabolic changes characterizing cancer cells.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Symptoms of breast cancer may include a breast lump, a change in the shape of the breast, sunken skin, fluid leaking from the nipple, new sunken nipple, or red or scaly patches on the skin. Distant spread may present with bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellowing of the skin. Breast cancer is very complex and includes several subtypes with distinct pathological features. Most of the immunotherapy efforts have focused on the most immunogenic subtypes: triple-negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
New Insights into Melanocytes Beyond Conventional Recognition
Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from UV-B radiation. Notwithstanding, the spectrum of their functions extends far beyond their well-known role as melanin production factories. Melanocytes have been considered as sensory and computational cells. The neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones produced by melanocytes make them part of the skin’s well-orchestrated and complex neuroendocrine network, counteracting environmental stressors. Melanocytes can also actively mediate the epidermal immune response. Melanocytes are equipped with ectopic sensory systems similar to the eye and nose and can sense light and odor.In addition, melanocytes have also been shown to be localized in internal sites such as the inner ear, brain, and heart, locations not stimulated by sunlight.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) specifies effective antibiotic dosage and formulates a profile of empirical therapy for the proper management of an individual patient’s health against deadly infections. Therefore, rapid diagnostic plays a pivotal role in the treatment of bacterial infection.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Silver Nanoparticles for Chronic Wound Management
Infections are the primary cause of death from burns and diabetic wounds. The clinical difficulty of treating wound infections with conventional antibiotics has progressively increased and reached a critical level, necessitating a paradigm change for enhanced chronic wound care. The most prevalent bacterium linked with these infections is Staphylococcus aureus, and the advent of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has posed a substantial therapeutic challenge. Most existing wound dressings are ineffective and suffer from constraints such as insufficient antibacterial activity, toxicity, failure to supply enough moisture to the wound, and poor mechanical performance. Using ineffective wound dressings might prolong the healing process of a wound. To meet this requirement, nanoscale scaffolds with their desirable qualities, which include the potential to distribute bioactive agents, a large surface area, enhanced mechanical capabilities, the ability to imitate the extracellular matrix (ECM), and high porosity, have attracted considerable interest. The incorporation of nanoparticles into nanofiber scaffolds constitutes a novel approach to “nanoparticle dressing” that has acquired significant popularity for wound healing. Due to their remarkable antibacterial capabilities, silver nanoparticles are attractive materials for wound healing. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Riboflavin on Migraine
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that helps prevent various medical conditions, such as sepsis, ischemia, and some cancers. Riboflavin’s biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive effects, have been extensively studied. The pathophysiology of migraines is linked to oxidative stress with mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation by the glial cell network.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Dosage Forms
The development of pediatric-specific dose forms is particularly difficult due to a variety of factors relating to pediatric population differences from adult populations. The buccal dosage form is considered a good alternative to oral dosage form if the latter cannot be used in pediatric patients. Both oral and buccal dosage formulations uphold great application qualities for pediatric patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Apr 2022
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