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Topic Review
Choline
Choline is an essential micronutrient with a pivotal role in several metabolic pathways contributing to liver, neurological, and hematological homeostasis. Although choline is commonly administered to improve physical performance, its effects on muscle are still unclear. Our scoping review elucidates and summarizes thecrucial role of choline in modulating muscle fat metabolism, muscle proteins homeostasis, and themodulation of inflammation and autophagy.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Fucoidan Structure
Fucoidans are complex polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds. The search for novel and natural bioproduct derived drugs (due to toxicity issues associated with chemotherapeutic drugs) has led to an extensive study of fucoidan, as it has several bioactive characteristics. Among the various bioactivities of fucoidan, antidiabetic and anticancer properties have received extensive attention. However, the elucidation of the fucoidan structure and its biological activity is still vague. In addition, research has suggested that there is a link between diabetes and cancer; however, limited data exist where dual chemotherapeutic efforts are elucidated. This review provides an overview of glucose metabolism, which is the central process involved in the progression of both diseases. Potential therapeutic targets are highlighted and the relevance of fucoidan and its derivatives as a candidate for both cancer and diabetes therapy is shown.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
Bacterial pathogens as causative agents of infection constitute an alarming concern in the public health sector. In particular, bacteria with resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents can confound chemotherapeutic efficacy towards infectious diseases. Multidrug-resistant bacteria harbor various molecular and cellular mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance. These antimicrobial resistance mechanisms include active antimicrobial efflux, reduced drug entry into cells of pathogens, enzymatic metabolism of antimicrobial agents to inactive products, biofilm formation, altered drug targets, and protection of antimicrobial targets. These microbial systems represent suitable focuses for investigation to establish the means for their circumvention and to reestablish therapeutic effectiveness.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cyanine Derived Dyes
Cyanine dyes are compounds that typically absorb light in the visible to near-infrared-I (NIR-I) spectrum range (750–900 nm).
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Tryptophan Metabolism Pathways
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential aromatic amino acid that is acquired exclusively through dietary intake in humans (since Trp is not produced by animal cells). Common sources of dietary Trp are fish, poultry, cereals, and dairy foods. The World Health Organization advises an intake of 4 mg of Trp/kg/day. Trp is a precursor of several microbial and host metabolites, including several molecules such as serotonin, melatonin, nicotinamide and vitamin B3. The intestine is a prime location of Trp metabolism. Three main metabolic pathways can process dietary Trp: (i) the kynurenine pathway (KP) via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1, mainly occurring in both immune and epithelial cells, (ii) the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) pathway via Trp hydroxylase 1 (TpH1) in enterochromaffin cells, and finally (iii) the direct conversion of Trp by the intestinal microbiota into several. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Targeting NF-κB Signaling for MM
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Even though survival rates have significantly risen over the past years, MM remains incurable, and is also far from reaching the point of being managed as a chronic disease.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cathinones Mexedrone, α-PVP and α-PHP
Mexedrone, α-PVP and α-PHP are synthetic cathinones. They can be considered amphetamine-like substances with a stimulating effect. Actually, studies showing their impact on DNA are totally absent. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Indigenous Durian
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is an energy-dense seasonal tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asia. It is one of the most expensive fruits in the region. It has a creamy texture and a sweet-bitter taste. The unique durian flavour is attributable to the presence of fat, sugar, and volatile compounds such as esters and sulphur-containing compounds such as thioacetals, thioesters, and thiolanes, as well as alcohols.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Electrodiffusion in Neuroscience and NPP-Equations
There are two main processes governing the ionic transport, i.e., diffusion—the particle motion caused by a gradient of concentration, and migration—motion of ions caused by a gradient of electrical potential. These two processes are referred to as electrodiffusion. Electrodiffusion of electrolytes serves as a mean for communication in the nervous system. It can directly affect the excitatory transmission in the synaptic cleft. Electrodiffusion maintains the local ions concentration in brain extracellular spaces at heathy levels but may be also involved in the propagation of epileptic seizures during pathological conditions. The accurate interpretation of physiological observations requires better understanding of the underlying electrodiffusion phenomena.The description of electrodiffusion is very often performed using the Nernst–Planck–Poisson (NPP) model. It has been acknowledged that the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ion concentrations in thin dendrites and dendritic spines of nerve cells follow the Nernst–Planck equation, and sub-membrane currents in neuronal membrane have already been successfully described using the NPP model.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mānuka Oil
Mānuka oil is an essential oil derived from Leptospermum scoparium, a plant that has been used by the indigenous populations of New Zealand and Australia for centuries. Both the extracted oil and its individual components have been associated with various medicinal properties. This entry aimed to collate available evidence on the antimicrobial, anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of mānuka oil and its components. Given the rise in resistance to conventional antibiotics, natural products have been targeted for the development of antimicrobials with novel mechanism of action. The present entry found extensive in vitro data supporting the antimicrobial effects of mānuka oil warrants further clinical studies to establish its therapeutic potential. Clinical evidence on its efficacy, safety and dosing guidelines are necessary for its implementation for medical purposes. Further work on regulation, standardization and characterization of the medicinal properties of mānuka oil is required for establishing consistent efficacy of the product.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Apr 2021
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