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Topic Review
Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Colorectal Cancer Therapy
Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), namely acetate, butyrate, and propionate, have the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment in distinct ways. SCFAs promote immune cell differentiation, downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, and restrict the tumor-induced angiogenesis. SCFAs also sustain the integrity of basement membranes and modulate the intestinal pH. Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have lower concentrations of SCFAs than healthy individuals. Increasing the production of SCFAs through the manipulation of the gut microbiota could constitute an important therapeutic strategy towards CRC due to their antitumorigenic effect and ability of modulating tumor microenvironment.
  • 365
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Metabolism in Dentine-Pulp Complex
The cellular metabolic processes ensure the physiological integrity of the dentine-pulp complex. Odontoblasts and odontoblast-like cells are responsible for the defence mechanisms in the form of tertiary dentine formation. In turn, the main defence reaction of the pulp is the development of inflammation, during which the metabolic and signalling pathways of the cells are significantly altered.
  • 265
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Magnesium Supplements and Statin Medication
Many investigations have discovered a connection between statins and magnesium supplements. On one hand, increasing research suggests that chronic hypomagnesemia may be an important factor in the etiology of some metabolic illnesses, including obesity and overweight, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, alterations in lipid metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. Chronic metabolic problems seem to be prevented by a high Mg intake combined with diet and/or supplements.
  • 2.8K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation with Laser Technology in Fixed Orthodontic Treatment
Despite the growing demand for improving smile aesthetics and occlusal functionality, a significant percentage of patients still refuse or discontinue orthodontic treatment because of pain and discomfort related to this therapy. As consequence, controlling the pain experienced by patients during the same therapy represents a primary concern for both patients and clinicians. Pieces of evidence have suggested that photobiomodulation can reduce pain experienced by patients during the decrowding stage or during specific protocols, for example, rapid maxillary expansion. PBM can be performed with lasers and also with a light-emitting diode (LED) device. 
  • 353
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Progesterone and Its Metabolites in Luteal Phase Deficiency
Progesterone action is the key physiological element of the menstrual cycle. It also plays an important role in the development of the mammary gland and influences the function of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. It predominates in the luteal phase. Just after ovulation, progesterone secretion is stable and does not correlate with luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, while in the middle and late luteal phases, progesterone secretion is episodic and correlates well with pulsatile LH release. During this period, the frequency and amplitude of LH pulses gradually decrease. A decreased plasma progesterone concentration in the luteal phase may predict the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
  • 214
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cold-Stimulus Headache in Children and Adolescents
Cold-stimulus headache (CSH) is a primary headache disorder brought on by a cold stimulus applied externally to the head, ingested, or inhaled. The literature on CSH is relatively sparse compared to other primary headache disorders, as it is a difficult condition to study, mostly because of its short-lasting duration. Moreover, works on the pediatric population are very limited and none of these consider children under 8 years of age. CSH has a higher lifetime prevalence in the pediatric population than in the adult one. Differently to the adult population in which women have a higher prevalence of CSH than men, there is no significant gender-specific prevalence in children.
  • 302
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Grading of Varicocelectomy
Varicocele is a frequently encountered urological disorder, which has a prevalence rate of 8 to 15% among healthy men. However, the incidence is higher in male patients with primary or secondary infertility, with up to 35 to 80% of varicocele cases occurring in this population. The clinical manifestations of varicocele typically include the presence of an asymptomatic mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, chronic scrotal pain, and infertility.
  • 272
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota in Liver Transplantation and Related Biliary Complications
Liver transplantation as a treatment option for end-stage liver diseases is associated with a relevant risk for complications. On the one hand, immunological factors and associated chronic graft rejection are major causes of morbidity and carry an increased risk of mortality due to liver graft failure. On the other hand, infectious complications have a major impact on patient outcomes. In addition, abdominal or pulmonary infections, and biliary complications, including cholangitis, are common complications in patients after liver transplantation and can also be associated with a risk for mortality. Thereby, these patients already suffer from gut dysbiosis at the time of liver transplantation due to their severe underlying disease, causing end-stage liver failure. Despite an impaired gut-liver axis, repeated antibiotic therapies can cause major changes in the gut microbiome.
  • 459
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fusarium-Derived Secondary Metabolites with Antimicrobial Effects
Fungal microbes are important in the creation of new drugs, given their unique genetic and metabolic diversity. As one of the most commonly found fungi in nature, Fusarium spp. has been well regarded as a prolific source of secondary metabolites (SMs) with diverse chemical structures and a broad spectrum of biological properties. However, little information is available concerning their derived SMs with antimicrobial effects. By extensive literature search and data analysis, as many as 185 antimicrobial natural products as SMs had been discovered from Fusarium strains by the end of 2022.
  • 271
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Epigenetics describes molecular missing link pathways that could bridge the gap between the genetic background and environmental risk factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Specific epigenetic patterns, especially DNA methylation, histone modifications, long non-coding, and microRNA (miRNAs), affect the endophenotypes underlying the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). 
  • 354
  • 21 Apr 2023
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