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Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
It is widely known that tumor cells of basal and squamous cell carcinoma interact with the cellular and acellular components of the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. While this environment differs for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, the cellular players within both create an immunosuppressed environment by downregulating effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting the release of pro-oncogenic Th2 cytokines. Understanding the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of immunotherapeutic agents, including vismodegib and cemiplimab to treat BCC and SCC, respectively.
  • 437
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Linc-ROR in Cancer and Disease
Cancer is responsible for more than 10 million deaths every year. Metastasis and drug resistance lead to a poor survival rate and are a major therapeutic challenge. Substantial evidence demonstrates that an increasing number of long non-coding RNAs are dysregulated in cancer, including the long intergenic non-coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (linc-ROR), which mostly exerts its role as an onco-lncRNA acting as a competing endogenous RNA that sequesters micro RNAs.
  • 238
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Toxin Induced Parkinsonism
Patients with Parkinson’s disease admitted to the hospital have unique presentations. This unique subset of patients requires a multidisciplinary approach with a knowledge-based care team that can demonstrate awareness of complications specific to Parkinson’s disease to reduce critical care admissions, morbidity, and mortality. Early recognition of toxic exposures, medication withdrawals, or medication-induced symptoms can reduce morbidity and mortality.
  • 278
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Transplacental Treatment of Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal arrhythmias are diagnosed in 1–3% of pregnancies. Despite this, they account for up to 20% of consultations related to fetal congenital heart disease in referral units. Among rhythm disorders, fetal tachyarrhythmias affect approximately 0.1% of pregnancies.
  • 324
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras-Based Antiviral Strategies
The PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC), a technology for targeted protein degradation, relies on using heterobifunctional molecules to recruit intracellular protein degradation machinery to the intracellular target protein of interest. This chemically-induced proximity between protein degradation machinery and the target POI results in polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of the target protein. Despite the field of PROTAC technology being relatively new, PROTACs have found wide applications not just as a technical tool but also as a therapeutic approach for infectious and non-infectious diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 474
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Zebrafish for Diabetes Mellitus with Wound Model
Diabetic foot ulcers cause great suffering and are costly for the healthcare system. Normal wound healing involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, the negative factors associated with diabetes, such as bacterial biofilms, persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, inhibited cell proliferation, and pathological scarring, greatly interfere with the smooth progress of the entire healing process. It is this impaired wound healing that leads to diabetic foot ulcers and even amputations. Therefore, drug screening is challenging due to the complexity of damaged healing mechanisms. The establishment of a scientific and reasonable animal experimental model contributes significantly to the in-depth research of diabetic wound pathology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition to the low cost and transparency of the embryo (for imaging transgene applications), zebrafish have a discrete wound healing process for the separate study of each stage, resulting in their potential as the ideal model animal for diabetic wound healing in the future. 
  • 505
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
The Role of L-Carnitine in Kidney Disease
Kidney disease is associated with a wide variety of metabolic abnormalities that accompany the uremic state and the state of dialysis dependence. These include altered L-carnitine homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism. L-carnitine is essential for fatty acid metabolism and proper mitochondrial function.  L-carnitine deficiency is also seen in acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting from trauma and/or ischemia, drugs such as cisplatin, and from infections such as covid.
  • 916
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Kaposi Sarcoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm that typically occurs in the lower limbs and can enter into differential diagnosis with several other rarer skin diseases. The principal differential diagnosis concerns primary cutaneous lymphomas, of which mycosis fungoides represent the most frequent primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Other rare forms include primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, which can be divided into indolent and aggressive forms, such as the primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, and lymphomatoid papulomatosis (LyP). In the case of indolent lesions, skin-directed therapies, limited-field radiotherapy, and surgical approaches can be good options. At the same time, different management, with systemic chemotherapy and allogenic bone marrow transplant, is required with aggressive neoplasms, such as blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasia or advanced mycosis fungoides. The dermatologist’s role can be crucial in recognizing such diseases and avoiding misdiagnosis, giving the pathologist the correct clinical information for an accurate diagnosis, and starting the suitable therapy.
  • 310
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Alcohol, Inflammation, and Microbiota in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a consequence of excessive alcohol use. According to many studies, alcohol represents a significant socioeconomic and health risk factor in population. According to data from the World Health Organization, there are about 75 million people who have alcohol disorders, and it is well known that its use leads to serious health problems. ALD is a multimodality spectrum that includes alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFL) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), consequently leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. In addition, the rapid progression of alcoholic liver disease can lead to alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Alcohol metabolism produces toxic metabolites that lead to tissue and organ damage through an inflammatory cascade that includes numerous cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the process of inflammation, mediators are cells of the immune system, but also resident cells of the liver, such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and Kupffer cells. These cells are activated by exogenous and endogenous antigens, which are called pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, DAMPs). Both are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which activation triggers the inflammatory pathways. It has been proven that intestinal dysbiosis and disturbed integrity of the intestinal barrier perform a role in the promotion of inflammatory liver damage. These phenomena are also found in chronic excessive use of alcohol. The intestinal microbiota has an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, and its role in the treatment of ALD has been widely investigated. Prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and symbiotics represent therapeutic interventions that can have a significant effect on the prevention and treatment of ALD.
  • 331
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Location Matters
The immune microenvironment varies between organs and is influenced by multiple factors, including exposure to external antigens, organ function, and anatomy. Thus, the TIME (tumour immune microenvironment) of metastases differs depending on hosting organs. This variation may account for the different responses to ICIs (immune checkpoint inhibitors) observed in patients with a similar primary tumour in different metastatic locations. Of the most frequent metastatic locations, the presence of secondary lesions in the liver appears to have the most detrimental impact on the prognosis of patients receiving ICIs.
  • 231
  • 10 May 2023
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