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Topic Review
MiRNA with impact on ZEB family in Glioma
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex, molecular program that plays an essential part in the progression of epithelial tumours to invasive phenotypes. However, gliomas do not engage in a typical EMT pathway, as these tumours do not originate from classical epithelial tissue. Nevertheless, EMT-like changes, which are the main cause of increased invasiveness, stem cell signature and loss of cell–cell contact, can contribute extensively to increased progression and metastasis also in non-epithelial tumours, including gliomas. Accordingly, EMT-promoting transcription factors (EMT-TFs), such as Snail (SNAI1), Slug (SNAI2), Twist1 and Twist2 appear to play pivotal roles in various aspects of tumourigenic processes. Among them, ZEB family members, such as ZEB1 and ZEB2, i.e., zinc finger E-box binding homeobox proteins, are also important modulators of the molecular network in gliomas with a substantial impact on the proliferation, invasion and migration of tumourigenic cells.
  • 403
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Blood Inflammatory Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease Patients
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder after dementia. Preclinical and epidemiological data strongly suggest that chronic neuroinflammation slowly induces neuronal dysfunction. Activated microglia secrete several neurotoxic substances, such as chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, which may promote blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeabilization.
  • 244
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of COVID-19
The WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic in March 2020, which was caused by novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 made its first entry into the world in November 2019, and the first case was detected in Wuhan, China. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome distressed life in almost every discipline by the extended production of novel viral variants.
  • 473
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
RNA Therapeutics
Synthetic RNA products are a low-cost solution based on a novel method of using nucleosides to act as an innate medicine factory with unlimited therapeutic possibilities. In addition to the common perception of vaccines preventing infections, the newer applications of RNA therapies include preventing autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Down syndrome; now, we can deliver monoclonal antibodies, hormones, cytokines, and other complex proteins, reducing the manufacturing hurdles associated with these products. The approved nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) therapeutics treat diseases by targeting their genetic blueprints in vivo, unlike targeting proteins, which is a conventional transient approach.
  • 364
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Chalcones with Anticancer Activity
Chalcones of natural origin present a pattern of phenolic hydroxyls that originate from the biosynthetic reactions of flavonoids. 
  • 339
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Endogenous and pharmacological Nrf2 activation in CKD
The nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) protects the cell against oxidative damage. The Nrf2 system comprises a complex network that functions to ensure adequate responses to redox perturbations, but also metabolic demands, and cellular stresses. It must be kept within a physiologic activity range. Oxidative stress and alterations in Nrf2 system activity are central for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and CKD-related morbidity. Activation of the Nrf2 system in CKD is in multiple ways related to inflammation, kidney fibrosis, and mitochondrial and metabolic effects. In human CKD, both endogenous Nrf2 activation and repression exist. The state of the Nrf2 system varies with cause of kidney disease, comorbidities, stage of CKD, and severity of uremic toxin accumulation and inflammation. Earlier CKD stage, rapid progression of kidney disease, and inflammatory processes are associated with more robust Nrf2 system activation. Advanced CKD is associated with stronger Nrf2 system repression. Nrf2 activation is related to oxidative stress and moderate uremic toxin and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) elevations. Nrf2 repression relates to high uremic toxin and NF-κB concentrations, and may be related to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-independent Nrf2 degradation. Pharmacological Nrf2 activation by bardoxolone methyl, curcumin, and resveratrol have been described but new strategies for Nrf2-targeted therapies in CKD need to be developed.
  • 552
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Fundamental Knowledge of the Biochemical Properties of 1O2
Energy transfer to ground state triplet molecular oxygen results in the generation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), which has potent oxidizing ability. Irradiation of light, notably ultraviolet A, to a photosensitizing molecule results in the generation of 1O2, which is thought to play a role in causing skin damage and aging. It should also be noted that 1O2 is a dominant tumoricidal component that is generated during the photodynamic therapy (PDT). While type II photodynamic action generates not only 1O2 but also other reactive species, endoperoxides release pure 1O2 upon mild exposure to heat and, hence, are considered to be beneficial compounds for research purposes. Concerning target molecules, 1O2 preferentially reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid peroxidation. Enzymes that contain a reactive cysteine group at the catalytic center are vulnerable to 1O2 exposure. Guanine base in nucleic acids is also susceptible to oxidative modification, and cells carrying DNA with oxidized guanine units may experience mutations. 
  • 365
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Heart Valve Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage
The management of an intracranial hemorrhage in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy presents a significant challenge for medical professionals. Anticoagulant treatment is intended to prevent blood clotting, but it can worsen active brain bleeds. Despite this risk, avoiding the prothrombotic state caused by mechanical heart valves remains crucial. 
  • 357
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Remodeling in Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the leading cause of vascular morbidity and mortality in diabetes patients. Despite the progress in understanding the diabetic disease process and advanced management of nephropathy, a number of patients still progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The underlying mechanism still needs to be clarified. Gaseous signaling molecules, so-called gasotransmitters, such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), have been shown to play an essential role in the development, progression, and ramification of DN depending on their availability and physiological actions. Although the studies on gasotransmitter regulations of DN are still emerging, the evidence revealed an aberrant level of gasotransmitters in patients with diabetes. 
  • 283
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Point-of-Care Settings
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that have been shed from tumors and circulate in the bloodstream. These cells can also be responsible for further metastases and the spread of cancer. Taking a closer look and analyzing CTCs through what has come to be known as “liquid biopsy” has immense potential to further researchers’ understanding of cancer biology.
  • 325
  • 17 May 2023
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