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Topic Review
The Action of Sulforaphane in Prostate Cancer
Sulforaphane, derived from broccoli and other members of the Brassica genus, is a phytochemical shown to have anticancer properties. Numerous studies have shown that sulforaphane prevents the development and progression of prostatic tumors. Sulforaphane has been proposed to prevent prostate carcinogenesis by disrupting the Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Sulforaphane interacts with the promoter region of the AR gene, preventing the transcription of ARs. 
  • 652
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease’s causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. 
  • 725
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
The Relationship between Sleep, Chronotype, and Dental Caries
Dental caries is a global problem worldwide that contributes to sociological limitations. Numerous factors influence the occurrence of dental caries, from socioeconomic factors to cariogenic bacteria, dietary habits, and oral hygiene. However, sleep disorders and circadian rhythm disturbances represent a new approach in the fight against the increasing prevalence of dental caries worldwide. Bacteria in the oral cavity and the oral microbiome are mainly responsible for the development of caries, and saliva plays an important role in their regulation. The circadian rhythm regulates numerous physiological functions, including sleep and saliva production. Disturbances in sleep and circadian rhythms affect saliva production, which impacts the development of dental caries, as saliva is necessary for regulating and maintaining oral health, especially for controlling oral infections. A person’s preference for a particular time of day depends on the circadian rhythm called chronotype. Individuals with an evening chronotype have a less healthy lifestyle that can lead to a higher caries risk than individuals with a morning chronotype. Because circadian rhythms are critical to maintaining sleep homeostasis and oral health, sleep disturbances can disrupt circadian rhythms and lead to a vicious cycle.
  • 297
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Neuropsychiatric and Neurocognitive Sequelae Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention. The etiology varies between cases; however, rupture of an intracranial aneurysm accounts for 80% of medical emergencies. Early intervention and treatment are essential to prevent long-term complications. Treatment of SAH has drastically improved, which is responsible for the rapid rise in SAH survivors. Post-SAH, a significant number of patients exhibit impairments in memory and executive function and report high rates of depression and anxiety that ultimately affect daily living, return to work, and quality of life.
  • 279
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Antipsychotic Efflux Impairment via Blood-Brain Barrier
Antipsychotic (AP)—induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a current problem of biological and clinical psychiatry. Despite the development of new generations of APs, the problem of AP-induced ADRs has not been solved and continues to be actively studied. One of the important mechanisms for the development of AP-induced ADRs is a genetically-determined impairment of AP efflux across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  • 350
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Pancreatic Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
The relationship between chronic intestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pancreatic disorders has been little investigated. Although an increased risk of acute pancreatitis (AP), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with or without chronic pancreatitis, and chronic asymptomatic pancreatic hyperenzymemia have been described in these patients, the pathogenetic link remains unclear. It may potentially involve drugs, altered microcirculation, gut permeability/motility with disruption of enteric-mediated hormone secretion, bacterial translocation, and activation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue related to chronic inflammation.
  • 351
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
GABA Positive Allosteric Modulator (GPAM)—Brexanolone
Brexanolone is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of gamma amino butyric acid-type A (GABA-A) receptors and is the first FDA-approved drug to manage postpartum depression (PPD).
  • 298
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Claudin-4 as Molecular Target for Epithelial Cancer Therapy
Claudin-4 (CLDN4) is a key component of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cells. CLDN4 is overexpressed in many epithelial malignancies and correlates with cancer progression. Changes in CLDN4 expression have been associated with epigenetic factors (such as hypomethylation of promoter DNA), inflammation associated with infection and cytokines, and growth factor signaling. CLDN4 helps to maintain the tumor microenvironment by forming TJs and acts as a barrier to the entry of anticancer drugs into tumors. Decreased expression of CLDN4 is a potential marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and decreased epithelial differentiation due to reduced CLDN4 activity is involved in EMT induction. Non-TJ CLDN4 also activates integrin beta 1 and YAP to promote proliferation, EMT, and stemness. These roles in cancer have led to investigations of molecular therapies targeting CLDN4 using anti-CLDN4 extracellular domain antibodies, gene knockdown, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), and C-terminus domain of CPE (C-CPE), which have demonstrated the experimental efficacy of this approach. 
  • 384
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
ABCG2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
ABCG2 is an efflux transporter responsible for inducing multidrug resistance (MDR) in leukemic cells; through its ability to extrude many antineoplastic drugs, it leads to AML resistance and/or relapse. Moreover, ABCG2 may be co-expressed with other MDR-related proteins and is finely regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. 
  • 355
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Meta-Inflammation, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) represents, with its macro and microvascular complications, one of the most critical healthcare issues. The pathogenesis of DM shares with cardiovascular diseases (CAD) a complex landscape of risk factors, including genetic predisposition and various environmental factors like a high-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, and chronic stress. In particular, CAD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients, determining a significant impact on life expectancy. Notably, DM is equivalent to established ischemic CAD risk, and patients with diabetes have a two- to four-fold greater risk of developing CAD than non-diabetic patients. Myocardial infarction, ischemic ictus, and peripheral arterial disease are the main expression of DM progression and, often, the first event in diabetic patients. CAD and DM strictly depend on various inflammatory pathways that are able to promote the onset and development of insulin resistance, atherosclerotic plaque, and heart failure (HF).
  • 287
  • 25 May 2023
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