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Topic Review
Exploiting N803 for Effective Immunotherapy of Solid Malignancies
Identifying effective immunotherapies for solid tumors remains challenging despite the significant clinical responses observed in subsets of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a promising cytokine for the treatment of cancer as it stimulates NK and CD8+ lymphocytes. However, unfavorable pharmacokinetics and safety concerns render recombinant IL-15 (rIL-15) a less attractive modality. These shortcomings were addressed by the clinical development of heterodimeric IL-15 agonists, including N803.
  • 336
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Diagnosis of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome
An increasing number of patients have suffered from combined heart and kidney dysfunction largely known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). A panel of new biomarkers (in plasma and/or urine) and artificial intelligence support systems could aid in the early identification of CRS patients at risk of developing adverse outcomes.
  • 381
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant disorder caused by mutations inactivating TSC1 or TSC2 genes and characterized by the presence of tumors involving many organs, including the brain, heart, kidneys, and skin. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) is a slow-growing brain tumor almost exclusively associated with TSC.
  • 292
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment for Spinal Diseases
Spinal diseases are commonly associated with pain and neurological symptoms, which negatively impact patients’ quality of life. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous source of multiple growth factors and cytokines, with the potential to promote tissue regeneration. PRP has been widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, including spinal diseases, in clinics.
  • 191
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a worryingly increasing cause of malignancy-related mortality, while Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is going to become its most common cause. Understanding the complex underlying pathophysiology of MAFLD-related HCC can provide opportunities for successful targeted therapies. Of particular interest in this sequela of hepatopathology is cellular senescence, a complex process characterised by cellular cycle arrest initiated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous cell stressors. A key biological process in establishing and maintaining senescence is oxidative stress, which is present in multiple cellular compartments of steatotic hepatocytes. Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence can change hepatocyte function and metabolism, and alter, in a paracrine manner, the hepatic microenvironment, enabling disease progression from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis, as well as HCC. The duration of senescence and the cell types it affects can tilt the scale from a tumour-protective self-restricting phenotype to the creator of an oncogenic hepatic milieu. 
  • 246
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Capsaicin on Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by cognitive impairment, and amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles at neuropathology. Capsaicin is a spicy-tasting compound found in chili peppers, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and possible neuroprotective properties. Capsaicin intake has been associated with greater cognitive function in humans, and attenuating aberrant tau hyperphosphorylation in a rat model of AD.
  • 352
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency-Classification, Microbiology Association, and Treatment
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is produced by a defect in the functions and/or numbers of the immune cells (T and B cells). It manifests early in life. It can be fatal if it is left untreated. Numerous microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites cause infectious diseases as pneumonia, meningitis, skin infections, gastrointestinal and many others. Stem cell transplantation at early age is the definitive treatment of choice and can cure the disease. Other treatment includes the use of antimicrobials, enzyme-replacement therapy and gene therapy.
  • 252
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dementia Due to Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, a common consequence of diabetes treatment, is associated with severe morbidity and mortality and has become a major barrier to intensifying antidiabetic therapy. Dementia generally refers to the loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions, which can interfere with daily life, and there are many evidences that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of both vascular and non-vascular dementia. Neuroglycopenia resulting from a hypoglycemic episode in diabetic patients can lead to the degeneration of brain cells, with a resultant cognitive decline, leading to dementia.
  • 279
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Application of Human Stem Cells
Genetic sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere disease have been associated with rare variations in the coding and non-coding region of the human genome. Most of these variants were classified as likely pathogenic or variants of unknown significance and require functional validation in cellular or animal models. Given the difficulties to obtain human samples and the raising concerns about animal experimentation, human-induced pluripotent stem cells emerged as cellular models to investigate the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inner ear disorders. The generation of human sensory epithelia and neuron-like cells carrying the variants of interest may facilitate a better understanding of their role during differentiation.
  • 222
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Control of LDL Level with LDLR Pathway
Since the discovery of the LDL receptor in 1973 by Brown and Goldstein as a causative protein in hypercholesterolemia, tremendous amounts of effort have gone into finding ways to manage high LDL cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemic (HoFH and HeFH) individuals with loss-of-function mutations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene. Statins proved to be the first blockbuster drug, helping both HoFH and HeFH individuals by inhibiting the cholesterol synthesis pathway rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase and inducing the LDL receptor. However, statins could not achieve the therapeutic goal of LDL. Other therapies targeting LDLR include PCSK9, which lowers LDLR by promoting LDLR degradation. Inducible degrader of LDLR (IDOL) also controls the LDLR protein, but an IDOL-based therapy is yet to be developed. Among the LDLR-independent pathways, such as angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), apolipoprotein (apo) B, apoC-III and CETP, only ANGPTL3 offers the advantage of treating both HoFH and HeFH patients and showing relatively better preclinical and clinical efficacy in animal models and hypercholesterolemic individuals, respectively.
  • 177
  • 03 Jul 2023
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