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Topic Review
Mitochondrial Integrity in Right Heart Failure Development
Molecular processes underlying right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD) and right heart failure (RHF) need to be understood to develop tailored therapies for the abatement of mortality of a growing patient population. Today, the armament to combat RHF is poor, despite the advancing identification of pathomechanistic processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction implying diminished energy yield, the enhanced release of reactive oxygen species, and inefficient substrate metabolism emerges as a potentially significant cardiomyocyte subcellular protagonist in RHF development. Dependent on the course of the disease, mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate utilization, redox balance, and oxidative phosphorylation are affected.
  • 239
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Application of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Inhibitors
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon amongst physiological and pathological conditions, and is a strong stressor for cells and organisms, which can lead to metabolic disorders, and even cause cell death. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is the only transcription factor that has been found to be active under hypoxia, and is also the main nuclear transcription factor that mediates the adaptive response to hypoxia in mammals. It is closely related to the growth and development of organisms and the pathogenesis of some diseases. HIF-1α has low expression in the human brain, lung, placenta, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas under normoxia, but there is an exponentially large increase of HIF-1α in the brain, lung, kidney, heart, and other tissues under hypoxia. HIF-1α inhibitors can be widely used in the treatment of various diseases related to HIF-1 overexpression, such as tumors; leukemia; diabetes and its complications; ischemic, cardiovascular and brain diseases; and inflammatory diseases, etc.
  • 252
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart valve diseases are a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect more than 13% of the population aged over 75 years old and occur when any type of the four heart valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic valves) is damaged. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is defined as a slowly progressing condition that ranges from mild valve aortic sclerosis to severe calcifying aortic valve stenosis. This progression manifests in approximately 2% of individuals over 65 years old annually.
  • 292
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Computed Tomography in Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common and debilitating condition characterized by the narrowing of the limb arteries, primarily due to atherosclerosis. Non-invasive multi-modality imaging approaches using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging have emerged as valuable tools for assessing PAD atheromatous plaques and vessel walls.
  • 220
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Interstitial Lung Diseases
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a rather heterogeneous group of diseases varying in pathophysiology, presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In the majority of ILDs, imaging modalities and especially high-resolution Computed Tomography (CT) scans have been the cornerstone in patient diagnostic approach and follow-up. The intricate nature of ILDs and the accompanying data have led to an increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, primarily on imaging data but also in genetic data, spirometry and lung diffusion, among others.
  • 289
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Quantum Theory and the Mind
Quantum theory, which is focused on the physical laws that govern structures such as the nucleus of an atom or even the subatomic particles within an atomic nucleus, has properties that make it unique to most other areas of physics. Quantum theory tends to give unique, discrete energy states by defining a wave function with given boundary conditions using Erwin Schrödinger’s wave equation, helping calculate and determine the specific energy states, amongst other specific quantities this wave function would be likely to have. Quantum theory disconnects itself from the normal classical theories of physics in that it does not treat variables along a continuous spectrum, but rather finds discrete states which these variables can be expected to have.
  • 405
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology
Early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is defined as CRC diagnosed in individuals younger than 50, which is generally considered the ideal age to start screening programs in the average-risk population. Although the overall incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is declining, the number of new diagnoses in patients younger than 50 is alarmingly increasing.
  • 264
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Food for Special Medicinal Use
Food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) are foods designed for people with particular medical disorders and nutritional needs. They are often only available with a prescription and are meant to be used under medical supervision. FSMPs can come in different forms and can be used in various settings, such as hospitals, long-term care facilities, and home settings. Examples of medical conditions that may call for the use of FSMPs include inborn errors of metabolism, severe food allergies, and gastrointestinal illnesses.  
  • 509
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Calcium Handling in Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of blunted cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients with cirrhosis. Since contractility and relaxation depend on cardiomyocyte calcium transients, any factors that impact cardiac contractile and relaxation functions act eventually through calcium transients. In addition, calcium transients play an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. 
  • 317
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Associated with Metabolic Syndrome
Atherogenic dyslipidemia plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), being one of its major components, along with central obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension.
  • 754
  • 19 Jul 2023
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