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Topic Review
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a medical condition recognised relatively recently, over whose definition and inclusion criteria there is still much debate in the literature. Some authors view it as a set of acute and severe systemic symptoms originating in mast cells’ abnormal number or reactivity, with clear laboratory inclusion criteria, while others see it as an immune/inflammatory systemic condition, acute and/or chronic, with manifestations ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis, caused by mediators released from activated mast cells. At present the established diagnostic criteria are still a matter of debate, and there is still no certainty whether cases of MCAS are not missed versus the possibility of over-diagnosis.
  • 496
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Repair of Post-Radiation Urethral Stricture Disease
Radiation therapy (RT) in the management of pelvic cancers remains a clinical challenge to urologists given the sequelae of urethral stricture disease secondary to fibrosis and vascular insults. The management of post-radiation urethral stricture consists of conservative, endoscopic, and primary reconstructive options. Endoscopic approaches remain an option, but with limited long-term success. Despite concerns with graft take, reconstructive options such as urethroplasties in this population with buccal grafts have shown long-term success rates ranging from 70 to 100%. Robotic reconstruction is augmenting previous options with faster recovery times. Radiation-induced stricture disease is challenging with multiple interventions available, but with successful outcomes demonstrated in various cohorts including urethroplasties with buccal grafts and robotic reconstruction.
  • 279
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Mechanisms for Localization of Osteonecrosis
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has emerged as a complication of anti-resorptive medications. Many factors have been explored as possible localizing factors, including dental trauma, especially surgical extraction, periodontitis, impaired gingival healing, changes in oral bacteria biofilm profile, and impaired innate immune response specific to the oral cavity.
  • 212
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Newborn Infection
It is already known how SARS-CoV-2 passed from human-to-human with the  exeption of mother-to fetous transmission of infection.  The foetus, theoretically may become infected from the mother by a blood-borne route through the placenta, during birth, through contact with maternal secretions and after birth during close contact with the mother or others. Mother-to-fetus transmission of the virus is unlikely and its mechanism is poorly understood. In a number of published studies, researchers have not based the diagnosis of COVID-19 in the newborn on developed diagnostic criteria, which makes it even more difficult to determine the frequency and pathomechanism of congenital infection. Still not much is known about complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy for the fetus and neonate, there are many questions that we still cannot answer. despite this, it has been possible to determine how to limit airborne transmission of the virus. By analysing the mode of delivery it is known that SARS-CoV-2 infection is not an indication for caesarean section. There are no data that provide a basis for restricting breastfeeding. It has been established that breastfeeding should be done with hand disinfection and wearing a mask.
  • 482
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Lymphoma
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the prognosis of several advanced-stage solid tumors. However, its success has been far more limited in hematological malignancies and is mostly restricted to classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL). In patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), response to PD-1/PD-L1 ICB monotherapy has been relatively limited, although some subtypes are more sensitive than others. Numerous predictive biomarkers have been investigated in solid malignancies, such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI), among others. 
  • 307
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis of Peripapillary Intrachoroidal Cavitation
Peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation (PICC) is a yellow-orange lesion, located at the outer border of the myopic conus. First described as a localized detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, its intrachoroidal location was later revealed, justifying its current name. PICC is related to other myopic complications such as posterior staphyloma, but its pathogenesis is not clear to date. Although it has been considered a benign condition, most eyes with PICC show visual field defects, which leads to diagnostic uncertainty as these deficits resemble those seen in glaucoma. Furthermore, eyes with PICC may develop macular detachment with retinoschisis.
  • 357
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Blood Microsamples for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a specialized area of laboratory medicine which involves the measurement of drug concentrations in biological fluids with the aim of optimizing efficacy and reducing side effects, possibly modifying the drug dose to keep the plasma concentration within the therapeutic range. Plasma and/or whole blood, usually obtained by venipuncture, are the “gold standard” matrices for TDM. Microsampling, commonly used for newborn screening, could also be a convenient alternative to traditional sampling techniques for pharmacokinetics (PK) studies and TDM, helping to overcome practical problems and offering less invasive options to patients.
  • 294
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
tPA and NF-kB Signaling in Renal Inflammation
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease regulating the homeostasis of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and matrix degradation, and has been shown to act as a cytokine to trigger various receptor-mediated intracellular signal pathways, modulating macrophage function in response to kidney injury. 
  • 244
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapy in Children with Hematological Malignancies
Targeted therapy differs from the conventional cytotoxic therapy in its specificity of targeted pathways that can halt the growth and spread of cancer cells rather than killing indiscriminately every rapidly dividing cell. Since 1985 when the first agent targeting antigens on the surface of lymphocytes was approved (muromonab-CD3), a multitude of such therapies have been used in children with hematologic malignancies. 
  • 293
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Methods for DDIs Mediated by Renal Transporters
Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are a key issue in clinical rational administration and post-marketing pharmacovigilance. Since the 1980s, with the development of molecular biology, the study of renal transporters has made rapid progress. The exploration of these transporters has helped to improve drug safety and efficacy, played an important role in understanding drug toxicity and DDIs, and also provided a theoretical basis for improving drug targeting. Regarding renal transporters, researchers and drug discovery scientists have studied a lot in the field of their mediated DDIs, from traditional models to recent biomarker methods and in silico models.
  • 319
  • 21 Jul 2023
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