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Topic Review
Targeted Therapy for EWS-FLI1 in Ewing Sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly aggressive and metastatic cancer in children and adolescents. Canonical therapy mainly comprises the combination of intensive chemotherapy, radiation, and local surgery, which give rise to acute and chronic adverse effects. Drugs targeting EwS without side effects are in urgent demand. Genetically, EwS is characterized by chromosomal translocations with a low mutation burden. As a result, the chimeric protein EWS-ETS, mainly EWS-FLI1(85%), is critical for the malignancy of EwS. EWS-FLI1 directly binds to GGAA microsatellites in enhancers and promotors of the target genes and recruits multiple transcription factors or epigenetic regulators to reprogramme the epigenome.
  • 454
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Psychiatric Diseases
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates both the immune response and the permeability of biological barriers. Notably, S1P-based drugs, such as fingolimod and ozanimod, have received approval for treating multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon, respectively.
  • 263
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
CBT-E for Age-Transition Eating Disorders
Many people with eating disorders transit from child and adolescent to adult clinical services. This transition often creates a gap in regular treatment and interruption of the therapeutic relationship with negative consequences. The change in the nature of the treatment often disorients patients and their parents. All-age eating disorder clinical services is a potential solution to address these challenges and enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is one of the major candidates among the individual psychological treatments to be the treatment of choice in all-age eating disorder services.
  • 415
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Breast Surgery
Breast reconstruction is a pivotal part of the recuperation process following a mastectomy and aims to restore both the physical aesthetic and emotional well-being of breast cancer survivors. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a revolutionary technology across numerous medical disciplines. The role of AI in the domain of breast reconstruction is explored. 
  • 389
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and its derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are “essential” fatty acids mainly obtained from diet sources comprising plant oils, marine blue fish, and commercially available fish oil supplements.
  • 292
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Perivascular Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress in Obesity
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) adheres to most systemic blood vessels in the body. Healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile effects on blood vessels and further protects against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Healthy PVAT regulates vascular homeostasis via secreting an array of adipokine, hormones, and growth factors. Normally, homeostatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PVAT act as secondary messengers in various signalling pathways and contribute to vascular tone regulation.
  • 415
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physiology of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury for Transplantation
Cold preservation is a key component to organ procurement and transplantation. Cold preservation functions by slowing metabolic activity of procured organs and begins the period known as cold ischemic time (CIT). Reducing CIT and warm ischemic time (WIT) are paramount to minimizing donor organ damage from ischemia and the build-up of waste products and signals that drive reperfusion injury prior to transplantation into a matching recipient.
  • 157
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a range of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin release, insulin action, or both. DM is a widespread condition that affects a substantial portion of the global population, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The main symptoms of diabetes include increased blood glucose, excessive thirst, frequent urination, impaired vision, hyperphagia, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting.
  • 494
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Different Concepts of Model of Tumour Microenvironment
With reference to cancer research, there can be ambiguity for what is meant by the word “model”. A review of different “models” of the tumour microenvironment is presented herein, as grouped by different definitions of the word into four categories: model organisms, in vitro models, mathematical models and computational models. 
  • 224
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Fistulae
Gynecological fistulae are a rare but severe complication of radiation therapy, pelvic surgery, prolonged labor, cesarean deliveries, or inflammatory bowel diseases. A gynecological fistula is an abnormal pathway formed between the urinary and gynecological tract, most commonly located between the urinary bladder and vagina. Vesico-uterine and vesicovaginal fistulae are an important health issue, common in women of reproductive age in developing countries with limited access to obstetrical care. Various surgical techniques have been described for vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair, depending on the location, severity, and cause of the fistula and the surgeon’s experience.
  • 239
  • 17 Aug 2023
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