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Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Gastrointestinal Cancers
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that affects the lungs, digestion, and other body systems. People with CF have a higher chance of developing certain types of cancer.  Gastrointestinal cancers encompass a range of malignancies affecting the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, pancreas, and liver. Understanding the link between CF and gastrointestinal cancers is important for improving patient care, implementing appropriate surveillance and screening measures, and identifying potential therapeutic interventions.
  • 193
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Rheumatic Diseases
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is as naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units consisting of glucuronic acids and N-acetylglucosamine, resulting in different molecular weights. HA plays a crucial pathophysiological role in rheumatic diseases, especially concerning joint health and function.
  • 162
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chromatin Remodeling and Transcription in Appendiceal Cancers
Appendiceal cancers (AC) are a rare and heterogeneous group of malignancies. Historically, appendiceal neoplasms have been grouped with colorectal cancers (CRC), and treatment strategies have been modeled after CRC management guidelines due to their structural similarities and anatomical proximity.
  • 273
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins in Cancer Immunotherapy
Tumor immunotherapy holds great potential for the future of advanced tumor therapy. The application of Cyclodextrin (CD) for immunotherapy provides new opportunities for overcoming various obstacles.
  • 309
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, ranking as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The gut microbiome, composed of trillions of commensal microorganisms, plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health. Mounting evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis, may contribute to the initiation and progression of CRC by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), including the tumor stroma.
  • 435
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Markers
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have deleterious effects on cell components (protein-derived enzymes, lipid-rich membranes, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates), causing functional and structural alterations. Depending on the molecular targets of ROS action, oxidative stress (OS) markers show a wide variety. Therefore, they can be divided into four main classes: markers of lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidative damage, protein oxidation, and carbohydrate oxidation. The antioxidant molecules also represent an important source of biomarkers to evaluate OS.
  • 785
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Kidney Issues Associated with COVID-19 Disease
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting COVID-19 can cause both lung and kidney damage. SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect renal cells expressing ACE2 receptors, resulting in kidney damage, and acute kidney injury (AKI) has been reported in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. The pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated AKI is multifactorial. Local and systemic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, blood coagulation disorders, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are factors that contribute to the development of AKI in COVID 19 disease. COVID-19 patients with kidney involvement have a poor prognosis, and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) infected with SARS-CoV-2 have an increased mortality risk. CKD patients with COVID-19 may develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis. In particular, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and requiring dialysis, as well as patients who have undergone kidney transplantation, have an increased risk of mortality and require special consideration. Nephrologists and infectious disease specialists face several clinical dilemmas in the prophylaxis and treatment of CKD patients with COVID-19. This entry presents recent data showing the effects of COVID-19 on the kidneys and CKD patients and the challenges in the management of CKD patients with COVID-19, and discusses treatment strategies for these patients.
  • 561
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oral Complications in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent form of all childhood leukemias, mostly affecting children between 2 and 4 years old. Oral symptoms, such as mouth ulcers, mucositis, xerostomia, Herpes or Candidiasis, gingival enlargement and bleeding, petechiae, erythema, mucosal pallor and atrophic glossitis, are very common symptoms of ALL and can be early signs of the disease.
  • 239
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
C-Reactive Protein as Inflammatory Marker in Cardiovascular Disease
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory molecule that has demonstrated value as a predictive marker for cardiovascular risk assessment, both independently and in conjunction with other parameters. It has been incorporated into risk assessment algorithms, enhancing risk prediction and guiding therapeutic decisions. Pharmacological interventions with anti-inflammatory properties, such as statins, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, and interleukin-1 inhibitors, have shown promising effects in reducing both cardiovascular risks and CRP levels.
  • 168
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Rectal Cancer
Rectal cancer poses a substantial healthcare challenge, emphasizing the critical need for effective treatment strategies. Among the various approaches available, surgical intervention, notably total mesorectal excision (TME), stands as the gold standard for rectal cancer management, consistently delivering exceptional oncological results. In certain instances of early-stage disease, endoscopic treatments and transanal resection techniques may be viable options, offering a more conservative approach. Additionally, for cases characterized by locally advanced tumors, radiotherapy has demonstrated significant benefits in augmenting the overall treatment efficacy.
  • 434
  • 04 Sep 2023
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