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Topic Review
Thrombotic Disorders and COVID-19 Vaccines
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected hundreds of millions worldwide, leading to nearly 7 million deaths globally, although now declared not a worldwide concern anymore. Strenuous research and analysis of various vaccine advances led to the development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines in less than a year from the pandemic’s beginning. Different types of vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines have been approved and have shown a high degree of efficacy with variable protective levels of up to 95% (70–95% range) in vaccinated individuals against COVID-19.
  • 411
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions by Alternative Splicing
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complicated biological process in which cells with epithelial phenotype are transformed into mesenchymal cells with loss of cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion and gain of the ability to migrate. EMT and the reverse mesenchymal-epithelial transitions (METs) are present during cancer progression and metastasis. Using the dynamic switch between EMT and MET, tumour cells can migrate to neighbouring organs or metastasize in the distance and develop resistance to traditional chemotherapy and targeted drug treatments. Growing evidence shows that reversing or inhibiting EMT may be an advantageous approach for suppressing the migration of tumour cells or distant metastasis. Among different levels of modulation of EMT, alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role.
  • 118
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Technological Synergies in Cranial Base Surgery
The genesis of Anterior Skull Base (ASB) surgery as a distinct field is anchored in the innovations of the 1940s. Dandy’s instrumental contributions are emblematic of this era, particularly his surgical strategy via the anterior cranial fossa for the excision of orbital tumors and his subsequent expansion of the resection to incorporate the ethmoidal regions.
  • 272
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Canine Mammary Cancer
Mammary tumors are the most frequent neoplasia in female dogs. They develop spontaneous cancer and share several biological, clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics with cancer diagnosed in humans. Mammary cancer is also one of the leading causes of death in both species. 
  • 343
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM®)
Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is a viscoelastic method, which provides a graphical and numerical representation of induced hemostasis in whole blood samples. Its ability to quickly assess the state of hemostasis is used in the management of bleeding from a variety of causes. 
  • 411
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Tumor Microenvironment of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in the pediatric population. Currently, no effective molecularly targeted therapies are available for OS. The OS tumor grows in a very complex and dynamic bone microenvironment consisting of cellular and noncellular components, including bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts), vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes), immune cells (myeloid and lymphoid cells), and mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). Myeloid cells are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS. A single-cell analysis showed multiple ligand–receptor interactions between OS tumor, myeloid, and osteoblast cells, including 21 ligand–receptor gene pairs that are significantly associated with survival outcomes. The TME not only provides favorable conditions for tumor cell growth but also releases a range of elements, including various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, that can promote the metastasis of tumor cells to other tissues and organs. 
  • 131
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipocalin-2 for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Within the tumor microenvironment (TME) exists a complex signaling network between cancer cells and stromal cells, which determines the fate of tumor progression. Hence, interfering with this signaling network forms the basis for cancer therapy. Yet, many types of cancer, in particular, solid tumors, are refractory to the used treatments, so there is an urgent need for novel molecular targets that could improve anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), a secreted siderophore-binding glycoprotein that regulates iron homeostasis, is highly upregulated in various cancer types. Due to its pleiotropic role in the crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells, favoring tumor progression, it could be considered as a novel biomarker for prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
  • 240
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Renal Cancer Management with AI and Digital Pathology
Renal cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors with different histology, molecular characteristics, clinical outcomes and responses to treatment. The most common types are clear cell (ccRCC), papillary (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC).
  • 328
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Small GTPase RhoA Signaling in Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one of the most serious psychiatric disorders and is characterized by reductions in both brain volume and spine density in the frontal cortex. RhoA belongs to the RAS homolog (Rho) family and plays critical roles in neuronal development and structural plasticity via Rho-kinase. RhoA activity is regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Several variants in GAPs and GEFs associated with RhoA have been reported to be significantly associated with schizophrenia.
  • 377
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Immunity against Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), are the most frequent types of cancers among Caucasians. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) occur frequently in the Caucasian population and are considered a burden for health care. Risk factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ethnicity and immunosuppression. This indicates the importance of immunosurveillance in preventing NMSC. However, the immunological mechanisms mediating immunosurveillance against NMSC are not fully known. 
  • 247
  • 31 Oct 2023
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