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Topic Review
Nitrous Oxide Abuse
The recreational use of nitrous oxide (N2O), also called laughing gas, has increased significantly in recent years. In 2022, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) recognized it as one of the most prevalent psychoactive substances used in Europe. Chronic nitrous oxide (N2O) exposure can lead to various clinical manifestations. The most frequent symptoms are neurological (sensitive or motor disorders), but there are also other manifestations like psychiatric manifestations or cardiovascular disorders (thrombosis events). N2O also affects various neurotransmitter systems, leading to its anesthetic, analgesic, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. N2O is very challenging to measure in biological matrices. Thus, in cases of N2O intoxication, indirect biomarkers such as vitamin B12, plasma homocysteine and plasma MMA should be explored for diagnosis and assessment. 
  • 311
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Breast Imaging Physics in Mammography (Part II)
Mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer diagnosis, as it is low cost, low administered radiation dose, and high sensitivity.
  • 225
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common type of cancer and the leading cause of death among men worldwide. Preventing the progression of cancer after treatments such as radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy is a major concern faced by prostate cancer patients. Inflammation, which can be caused by various factors such as infections, the microbiome, obesity and a high-fat diet, is considered to be the main cause of PC. Inflammatory cells are believed to play a crucial role in tumor progression. Therefore, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) along with their effects on the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, can prevent cancer and its progression by suppressing various inflammatory pathways. Evidence shows that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
  • 226
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Therapy
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that targets specific proteins on their lysine residues. Depending on the type of ubiquitination, this modification ultimately regulates the stability or degradation of the targeted proteins. Ubiquitination is mediated by three different classes of enzymes: the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and, most importantly, the E3 ubiquitin ligases. E3 ligases are responsible for the final step of the ubiquitin cascade, interacting directly with the target proteins. E3 ligases can also be involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and response to stress; alteration in their levels can be involved in oncogenic transformation and cancer progression. Of all the six hundred E3 ligases of the human genome, only three of them are specific to the mitochondrion: MARCH5, RNF185 and MUL1. 
  • 142
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Estrogen Receptor-β Isoforms and Coactivators in Breast Cancer
Nuclear receptor coregulators are the principal regulators of Estrogen Receptor (ER)-mediated transcription. ERβ, an ER subtype first identified in 1996, is associated with poor outcomes in breast cancer (BCa) subtypes, and the coexpression of the ERβ1 isoform and AIB-1 and TIF-2 coactivators in BCa-associated myofibroblasts was associated with high-grade BCa. Thus, this research aimed to identify additional coactivators that are involved in the progression of ERβ-expressing BCa. ERβ isoforms, coactivators, and prognostic markers were tested using standard immunohistochemistry. AIB-1, TIF-2, NF-kB, p-c-Jun, and/or cyclin D1 were differentially correlated with ERβ isoform expression in the BCa subtypes and subgroups
  • 181
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Infertility and Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition that is initiated in genetically susceptible individuals by the exposure of the intestines to gluten, a protein that is typically present in wheat, barley, and rye.
  • 261
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Topical Cellular/Tissue and Molecular Aspects in Alzheimer’s Disease
One of the most complex and challenging developments at the beginning of the third millennium is the alarming increase in demographic aging, mainly—but not exclusively—affecting developed countries. This reality results in one of the harsh medical, social, and economic consequences: the continuously increasing number of people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which accounts for up to 80% of all such types of pathology. Its large and progressive disabling potential, which eventually leads to death, therefore represents an important public health matter, especially because there is no known cure for this disease. Consequently, periodic reappraisals of different therapeutic possibilities are necessary. 
  • 206
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Cisternal Drainage
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) provokes a cascade reaction that is responsible for early and delayed brain injuries mediated by intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, cerebral vasospasm (CV), and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), which result in increased morbidity and mortality. During open microsurgical repair, cisternal access is achieved essentially to gain proximal vascular control and aneurysm exposition. Cisternostomy also allows brain relaxation, removal of cisternal clots, and restoration of the CSF dynamics through the communication between the anterior and posterior circulation cisterns and the ventricular system, with the opening of the Membrane of Liliequist and lamina terminalis, respectively. Continuous postoperative CSF drainage through a cisternal drain (CD) is a valuable option for treating acute hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension. Moreover, it efficiently removes the blood and toxic degradation products, with a potential benefit on CV, DCI, and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Finally, the CD is an effective pathway to administer vasoactive, fibrinolytic, and anti-oxidant agents and shows promising results in decreasing CV and DCI rates while minimizing systemic effects.
  • 162
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Bone Defects in Revision Knee Arthroplasty
Worldwide, the number of revisions to total knee arthroplasty procedures is increasing. Revision surgery is a challenging procedure, required for the management of bone loss after removal of the first implant. Although further long-term follow-up studies are needed, the use of cones in revisions of total knee arthroplasty yields reliability in fixation and stability to restore joint lines, especially in challenging surgeries with poor bone stock. The introduction of 3D-printed cones in revision surgery seems to be advantageous for AORI type III bone defects, especially in reducing intraoperative complications and procedure times.
  • 184
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Major Depressive Disorder and Gut Microbiota
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial psychiatric disorder characterized by at least one depressive episode for a minimum of 2 weeks. The gut is the biggest digestive, immune and endocrine organ of the human body and can sometimes be referred to as the second brain. The gut is a microbial organ, and it is estimated that our gut harbors about 1014 microorganisms.
  • 193
  • 12 Dec 2023
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