Encyclopedia
Scholarly Community
Encyclopedia
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Entry
Entry
Video
Image
Log in/Sign up
Submit
Entry
Video
Image
Subject:
All Disciplines
Arts & Humanities
Biology & Life Sciences
Business & Economics
Chemistry & Materials Science
Computer Science & Mathematics
Engineering
Environmental & Earth Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Physical Sciences
Public Health & Healthcare
Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest
Latest
Alphabetical (A-Z)
Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All
Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Oromucosal Administration of Oxytocin: The Development of ‘Oxipops’
The neuropeptide oxytocin is synthesized by cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and transported to the posterior pituitary for release into the blood, where it is most well-known for acting on smooth muscle to stimulate uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection from the breast. The role of the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin in influencing the brain and behavior has been the subject of widespread research due, most notably, to its reported involvement in promoting social cognition and motivation, reducing anxiety, and relieving pain. It is also increasingly being considered as an important therapeutic intervention in a variety of disorders with social dysfunction as a symptom. There is increasing evidence that many of its functional effects can be peripherally mediated via increasing its concentration in the blood. This has opened up an oromucosal administration route as an alternative, which is beneficial since the oral consumption of peptides is problematic due to their rapid breakdown in the acidic environment of the gastrointestinal system.
223
18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Technological Advancements for Neuromodulation and Biofeedback
Primary objectives of neurofeedback training (NFT) are to improve concentration, stress and anxiety management, and performance optimisation. NFT, a form of biofeedback that uses real-time displays of electroencephalography (EEG) to teach the self-regulation of brain functions, has emerged as a promising approach for improving the mental skills that are essential for high-level performance in precision sports.
135
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Common Pathways of Apoptotic Cell Death
The common signaling pathways of apoptotic cell death, antiapoptotic pathways, non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms (autophagic, necrotic, and other), signaling pathways involved in the death of drug-sensitive and -resistant tumor cells (with emphasis on c-Jun/activator protein 1 and crosstalk with mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways), and therapeutic implications of the modification of signaling pathways leading to cell death (with emphasis on cell death-related gene targeting, interactions of drug resistance factors in drug-resistant cells, and the unfolded protein response pathway).
117
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Unfolded Protein Response in Ischemic Stroke
Many pathologic states can lead to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in cells. This causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which encompasses three main adaptive branches. One of these UPR branches is mediated by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), an ER stress sensor. The primary consequence of PERK activation is the suppression of global protein synthesis, which reduces ER workload and facilitates the recovery of ER function. Ischemic stroke induces ER stress and activates the UPR.
100
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin in Chronic Kidney Disease
Uremic toxins (UTs), particularly protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), accumulate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, causing significant health complications like uremic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and immune dysfunction. Innovations such as online hemodiafiltration aim to enhance the removal process, while novel adsorptive therapies offer a means to address the high affinity of PBUTs to plasma proteins.
87
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microscopy Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis
More than one million curable sexually transmitted infections occur every day. Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the main infections responsible for these epidemiological data. The diagnosis of this protozoan is mainly based on microscopic and culture identification.
93
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Fluorescence-Guided Surgery
Due to their specificity, monoclonal antibodies have significantly impacted cancer patients’ care, becoming one of the fastest-growing classes of new drugs approved for the treatment of solid tumors. Targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is a novel technology to better visualize tumor residuals intraoperatively. It consists of a fluorescent molecular probe, that, once injected, lights up the neoplastic cells during the surgical resection. In this regard, the development of an off-the-shelf large-scale production of clinically approved, fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies for targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is becoming an urgent need for oncological surgeons working in this field.
130
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Endoscopic Spine Surgery
The origins of endoscopic spine surgery can be traced back many decades, with many important innovations throughout its development. It can be applied to all levels of the spine, with many robust trials supporting its clinical outcomes. Continued clinical research is needed to explore its expanding indications.
77
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence for Vascular Dysfunction Identification
Arterial blood pressure monitoring plays an important role in preventive medicine, allowing, in selected cases, the identification of vascular dysfunction. Extensive research, encompassing both healthy subjects and patients with a range of vascular issues, has consistently demonstrated the efficacy of the Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique in identifying cases of impaired vascular function, including many cases of silent vascular dysfunction that are not manifested by changes in blood pressure.
184
15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Therapy
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis.
360
15 Mar 2024
Page
of
1349
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Featured Books
>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Chief Editor:
Michael McAleer
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Chief Editor:
Stephen Bustin
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Chief Editor:
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Chief Editor:
Sandro Serpa
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Log in/Sign up
New Entry
New Video
New Images
About
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Advisory Board
Contact
Partner
Video Production Service
Feedback
Top
Feedback
×
Help Center
Browse our user manual, common Q&A, author guidelines, etc.
Rate your experience
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an error
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
×
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0
/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on
Encyclopedia
’s homepage?
Yes, I agree. Encyclopedia can post it.
No, I do not agree. I would not like to post my testimonial.
Webpage
Upload a screenshot
(Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
×