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Topic Review
Tryptophan and Kynurenine Pathway Involved in Immune-Related Diseases
The tryptophan and kynurenine pathway is well-known to play an important role in nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as in the development of inflammatory diseases. It has been documented that some kynurenine metabolites are considered to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and/or neuroprotective properties. Importantly, many of these kynurenine metabolites may possess immune-regulatory properties that could alleviate the inflammation response. The abnormal activation of the tryptophan and kynurenine pathway might be involved in the pathophysiological process of various immune-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and/or polycystic ovary syndrome. 
  • 434
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid whose metabolites play key roles in diverse physiological processes.They influence immune reactions, have antioxidant properties, and can function as anabolic signals. Apart from this, they act as regulators of the circadian rhythm, and can thus modulate sleep disorders or cognitive functions. Given these diverse roles, Trp metabolism has a significant impact on the clinical outcome of critically ill patients
  • 918
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tryptase for Suspected Mast Cell Disorders
Tryptase has proven to be a very useful and specific marker to demonstrate mast cell activation and degranulation when an acute (i.e., within 4 h after the event) and baseline value (i.e., at least 24 h after the event) are compared and meet the consensus formula (i.e., an increase of 20% + 2). The upper limit of normal determined by the manufacturer is 11.4 ng/mL; however, this boundary has been the subject of debate. According to ECNM and AIM experts, the normal range of baseline tryptase should be 1 to 15 ng/mL. A genetic trait, hereditary alpha tryptasemia, characterized by an increased alpha coding TPSAB1 copy number is associated with a baseline value above 8 ng/mL. Elevated tryptase can also be found in chronic kidney disease, obesity, and hematological neoplasms. A tryptase > 20 ng/mL serves as a minor criterion to diagnose systemic mastocytosis and an increase in tryptase > 20% + 2 during an acute event is a required criterion in the diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome. 
  • 177
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Trypanothione Reductase: Structural Analysis for Drug Discovery
Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, are vector borne zoonosis that affect millions of people worldwide and lead to the death of about 100,000 humans per year. Among several molecular targets proposed, trypanothione reductase (TR) is of particular interest for its critical role in controlling the parasite’s redox homeostasis. 
  • 780
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
TRPV1 in the Lower Urinary Tract
Capsaicin acts on sensory nerves via vanilloid receptors. TRPV1 has been extensively studied with respect to functional lower urinary tract (LUT) conditions in rodents and humans. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a phenolic compound found in chili peppers that causes a burning sensation in mucous membranes. Other molecules that are structurally and functionally similar to capsaicin include capsaicinoids (dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin and homocapsaicin), capsinoids (which are less potent) and the extremely potent resiniferoids, the best known of which is resiniferatoxin. Capsaicin and resiniferatoxin have been extensively used to increase the understanding of LUT disorders and to test in humans for the treatment of various LUT disorders.
  • 338
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TRPV1 in Skin Diseases
TRPV1 is a nonspecific ion channel highly expressed by cutaneous sensory nerves and other skin cells, including circulating and skin resident immune cells. Understanding the role of TRPV1 in wound healing may inform future TRPV1-targeted therapies to improve healing in impaired and chronic wounds. Many factors contribute to the polymodal nature of TRPV1 channel activation including tetrameric composition, splice variant, accessory protein sensitization or desensitization, activator concentration/coupling, etc.
  • 836
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
TRPM4 in Disease
Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a unique member of the TRPM protein family and, similarly to TRPM5, is Ca2+ sensitive and permeable for monovalent but not divalent cations. It is widely expressed in many organs and is involved in several functions; it regulates membrane potential and Ca2+ homeostasis in both excitable and non-excitable cells. 
  • 442
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
TRPA1 Role in Inflammatory Disorders
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily of channels, is primarily localized in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal, vagal, and dorsal root ganglia, where its activation mediates neurogenic inflammatory responses. The TRPA1 pathway could be a protective mechanism to detect and respond to harmful agents in various pathological conditions, including several inflammatory diseases.
  • 345
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
TRP channels in hematological malignancies
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are improving their importance in different cancers, becoming suitable as promising candidates for precision medicine. In particular, this section will be focused on TRP importance in hematological malignancies.
  • 572
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Trophoblast Cell Surface Antigen-2 in Cancer
Trophoblast cell surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) is a glycoprotein that was first described as a membrane marker of trophoblast cells and was associated with regenerative abilities. Trop-2 overexpression was also described in several tumour types. Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of Trop-2 was widely recognized and clinical studies with drug–antibody conjugates have been initiated in various cancer types. 
  • 654
  • 31 Mar 2023
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