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Topic Review
Types of Learning and Memory in Zebrafish
Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thinking, learning, memorizing and sensing. Zebrafish display different learning abilities, such as associative, non-associative, social (shoaling) and motor learning. In social learning, a group of zebrafish learned faster than a single individual. In motor learning, zebrafish adapted locomotor commands to execute accurate movements that relied on sensory feedback 
  • 481
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Types of Indigenous Skin Bacteria and Their Effects
The skin is inhabited by about 102–107 cells/cm2 and 1000 species of commensal bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms. In particular, metabolites such as fatty acids and glycerol released by indigenous skin bacteria have been reported to have functional properties for the health of the skin. Therefore, skin-domesticating bacteria and the metabolites derived from those bacteria are used in many skincare product ingredients and function as probiotic cosmetics. 
  • 641
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Types of Dysrhythmias
Dysrhythmia is a term referring to the occurrence of spontaneous and repetitive changes in potentials with parameters deviating from those considered normal. The term refers to heart anomalies but has a broader meaning. Dysrhythmias may concern the heart, neurological system, digestive system, and sensory organs. Ion currents conducted through ion channels are a universal phenomenon. The occurrence of channel abnormalities will therefore result in disorders with clinical manifestations depending on the affected tissue, but phenomena from other tissues and organs may also manifest themselves. 
  • 219
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Types of COVID-19 Vaccines
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that emerged at the end of 2019 and has caused an upper respiratory disease pandemic, currently known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. 
  • 540
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Types of Breast Cancer Imaging
Cancer is an incurable disease based on unregulated cell division. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and early detection can lower death rates. Medical images can be used to find important information for locating and diagnosing breast cancer. The best information for identifying and diagnosing breast cancer comes from medical pictures.
  • 261
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Types of B-Cell Maturation Antigen Agents
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, usually found on the surface of normal B-lymphocytes; however, it is overexpressed in pathogenic plasma cells. BCMA has two ligands, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and a B-cell activating factor (BAFF), where APRIL has a greater affinity to bind to its receptor when compared to BAFF. These ligands activate the downstream signals, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt, activating anti-apoptotic protein resulting in cell survival and proliferation. BCMA can be targeted in three different ways: chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • 233
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type II Endometrial and Prostate Cancer
Precision oncology can be defined as molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations.
  • 179
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type I Interferons in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by complex, heterogeneous clinical manifestations, involving the skin, vessels, kidneys and central nervous system. The disease course is also unpredictable, with remissions and flares that lead to cumulative organ damage and mortality. The female to male incidence of SLE varies with age, being approximately 1 during the first decade of life and peaks at 9 during the 4th decade, afflicting women of childbearing age.
  • 446
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Type I Interferons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality due to infectious disease and rates have increased during the emergence of COVID-19, but many of the factors determining disease severity and progression remain unclear. Type I Interferons (IFNs) have diverse effector functions that regulate innate and adaptive immunity during infection with microorganisms. 
  • 453
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Type I IFNs in Long-Haul COVID Syndrome
Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines originally identified for their antiviral activity. IFN-α and IFN-β are both type I IFNs that have been used to treat neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Microglia, astrocytes, as well as neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including spinal cord neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons, express type I IFN receptors (IFNARs). Type I IFNs play an active role in regulating cognition, aging, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, by suppressing neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, IFN-α and IFN-β produced potent analgesia.
  • 684
  • 06 Dec 2022
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