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Topic Review
Exosomal Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Alongside their long-term effects, post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are significant public health concerns. Exosomal tau, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), amyloid beta (Aβ), and microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for mTBI and PCS. Specifically, elevated levels of exosomal tau and p-tau have been associated with mTBI and PCS as well as repetitive mTBI. Dysregulated exosomal miRNAs have also been observed in individuals with mTBI and PCS. Additionally, exosomal Prion cellular protein (PRPc), coagulation factor XIII (XIIIa), synaptogyrin-3, IL-6, and aquaporins have been identified as promising biomarkers for mTBI and PCS. 
  • 143
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Inhibition of PTEN by Reactive Oxygen Species
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor due to its ability to regulate cell survival, growth, and proliferation by downregulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. In addition, PTEN plays an essential role in other physiological events associated with cell growth demands, such as ischemia-reperfusion, nerve injury, and immune responsiveness.
  • 133
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Synthetic Material Fabrication in Tracheal Reconstruction
The advancements in 3D printing to aid synthetic material fabrication have unveiled promising alternatives to conventional approaches. Achieving successful tracheal reconstruction through this technology demands that the 3D models exhibit biocompatibility with neighbouring tracheal elements by encompassing vasculature, chondral foundation, and immunocompatibility. Tracheal reconstruction has employed grafts and scaffolds, showing a promising beginning in vivo. Concurrently, the integration of resorbable models and stem cell therapy serves to underscore their viability and application in the context of tracheal pathologies.
  • 130
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Prone Positioning in COVID and Non-COVID ARDS
Prone positioning (PP) represents a therapeutic intervention with the proven capacity of ameliorating gas exchanges and ventilatory mechanics indicated in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). When PP is selectively applied to moderate-severe cases of ARDS, it sensitively affects clinical outcomes, including mortality.
  • 149
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Targeted Inhibitors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinase receptors are major regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In humans, abnormal activation of EGFR is associated with the development and progression of many cancer types, which makes it an attractive target for molecular-guided therapy. Two classes of EGFR-targeted cancer therapeutics include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which bind to the extracellular domain of EGFR, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which mostly target the intracellular part of EGFR and inhibit its activity in molecular signaling. While EGFR-specific mAbs and three generations of TKIs have demonstrated clinical efficacy in various settings, molecular evolution of tumors leads to apparent and sometimes inevitable resistance to current therapeutics, which highlights the need for deeper research in this field. 
  • 123
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biopsy Techniques for Musculoskeletal Tumors
Biopsy is a pivotal component in the diagnostic process of bone and soft tissue tumors. The objective is to obtain adequate tissue without compromising local tumor dissemination and the patient’s survival.
  • 241
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Nanomedicine as Targeted Therapy against Bacterial Infections
The emergence of drug resistance combined with limited success in the discovery of newer and effective antimicrobial chemotherapeutics poses a significant challenge to human and animal health. Nanoparticles may be an approach for effective drug development and delivery against infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. 
  • 118
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms in Endometriosis
Regulated cell death (RCD) represents a distinct mode of cell demise, differing from accidental cell death (ACD), characterized by specific signaling cascades orchestrated by diverse biomolecules. The regular process of cell death plays a crucial role in upholding internal homeostasis, acting as a safeguard against biological or chemical damage.
  • 139
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Historical Development of Durable Ventricular Assist Devices
Heart transplantation is  the most effective treatment for end-stage heart failure; however, the shortage in donor hearts constrains the undertaking of transplantation. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) technology has made rapid progress, providing diverse therapeutic options and alleviating the dilemma of donor heart shortage. The ventricular assist device (VAD), as an important category of MCS, demonstrates promising applications in bridging heart transplantation, destination therapy, and bridge-to-decision. VADs can be categorized as durable VADs (dVADs) and temporary VADs (tVADs), according to the duration of assistance. With the technological advancement and clinical application experience accumulated, VADs have been developed in biocompatible, lightweight, bionic, and intelligent ways.
  • 220
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ocular Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
In the diverse arsenal of therapeutic tools against cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerged as a new beacon of hope. By inhibiting the immune response’s “OFF” signal, ICIs activate the body’s immune system to attack cancerous growths. Eight immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for their proven efficacy against multiple cancer types. Per their mechanism of action, ICIs produce a series of well-documented side effects secondary to the induction of immune activation commonly referred to as “immune-related adverse events” (IRAEs). These can affect any organ system, including the eye. Although rare, ocular IRAEs can have debilitating effects on patients’ quality of life and be sight-threatening.
  • 105
  • 17 Feb 2024
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