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Topic Review
Role of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer Management
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is a widely prescribed, oral anti-estrogen drug for the hormonal treatment of estrogen-receptor-positive BC, which represents 70% of all BC subtypes. 
  • 343
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Overcoming Challenges in the Clinical Translation of MSC-Exosomes
MSC-based therapy for ophthalmic diseases has limitations in biocompatibility, penetration, and delivery. To address these challenges, researchers are exploring MSC exosomes, which possess similar properties to MSCs and efficiently deliver therapeutic factors to difficult-to-target ocular tissues. Research has shown that MSC-derived exosomes may offer significant advantages over traditional MSC-based therapies in regenerative medicine. By using exosomes, practitioners can avoid potential risks associated with MSC-centered therapies such as allogeneic immunological rejection, unwanted differentiation, and obstruction of small vessels caused by intravenous MSC injection. These benefits are critical for optimizing treatment outcomes.
  • 394
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Posterior Segment Diseases
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has shown promise in treating ophthalmic diseases, but suboptimal biocompatibility, penetration, and delivery to the target ocular tissues remain limitations. To address these challenges, researchers have turned to MSC-derived exosomes, which possess properties similar to MSCs and can efficiently deliver therapeutic factors to ocular tissues that are typically difficult to target using conventional therapy and MSC transplantation. Exosomes, small vesicles derived from MSCs, exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties, making them an attractive alternative to MSCs for ocular therapy. Due to their nano-size, MSC-derived exosomes can better penetrate biological barriers, such as the blood-retinal barrier, and deliver their cargo effectively to ocular tissues. Moreover, their cargo is protected from degradation, leading to increased bioavailability. As a result, exosomes have great potential for ocular drug-delivery applications. MSC-based therapies in regenerative medicine. Utilizing exosomes could eliminate the risks associated with MSC-centered therapies, such as immunological rejection, unwanted differentiation, and obstruction of small vessels through intravenous MSC injection. Avoiding these risks is critical for optimal treatment outcomes.
  • 283
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Anterior Segment Diseases
Exosomes, which are derived from MSCs, are nanoparticle vesicles that possess therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, tissue-repairing, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory functions, much like their parent cells. By using MSC-derived exosomes as a drug-delivery system, their potential advantages can be fully exploited. Due to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it is inferred that they may also better penetrate biological barriers such as the blood-retinal barrier. Additionally, their cargo is protected from degradation, resulting in increased bioavailability in ocular tissues. Research suggests that utilizing MSC-derived exosomes as a treatment option could offer several benefits over traditional MSC-based therapies in the field of regenerative medicine. Exosome-based therapy provides an alternative approach that avoids potential risks associated with MSC-centered therapies, such as allogeneic immunological rejection, unwanted differentiation, and obstruction of small vessels caused by intravenous MSC injection. By circumventing these risks, treatment outcomes can be optimized.
  • 233
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Ophthalmology
The field of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has shown promise in treating ophthalmic diseases. However, MSC-based therapy faces limitations due to suboptimal biocompatibility, penetration, and delivery to the target ocular tissues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have turned their attention to a new aspect of MSCs - their exosomes. These extracellular vesicles possess properties similar to MSCs and can efficiently deliver therapeutic factors to ocular tissues that are typically difficult to target using conventional therapy and MSC transplantation. Exosomes, small vesicles derived from MSCs, exhibit properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory that are similar to their parent cells. These characteristics make exosomes an attractive alternative to MSCs for ocular therapy. Due to their nano-size, MSC-derived exosomes have the potential to better penetrate biological barriers, such as the blood-retinal barrier, and deliver their cargo effectively to ocular tissues. In addition, their cargo is protected from degradation, leading to increased bioavailability. This makes exosomes a promising candidate for ocular drug-delivery applications.
  • 340
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infection and Microbiome
Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections and can cause major burdens, not only to individuals but also to an entire society. Urinary tract infection is not only caused by invading uropathogenic bacteria but also by changes to the uromicrobiome milieu, and interactions with other microbial communities can also contribute. 
  • 286
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Finerenone on Cardiovascular and Chronic Kidney Diseases
Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) show high rates of cardiorenal outcomes. Several studies suggest that the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) induces cardiac and renal injury, including inflammation and fibrosis. Finerenone is a novel non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) with a stronger mineralocorticoid receptor binding potential than eplerenone and spironolactone. Finerenone has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in preclinical studies.
  • 382
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
CXCL1 in Anticancer Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumors
Gastrointestinal tumors are a diverse group of cancers that affect organs responsible for digestion. These tumors are categorized based on their specific organ location, including head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer. One area of cancer research is the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells, in which chemokines play a vital role. C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a chemokine consisting of 73 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 8 kDa. Its expression is regulated at both the transcription and CXCL1 mRNA stability levels.
  • 233
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Physiologic Effects of Natriuretic Peptides
Natriuretic peptides are a complex and interesting network of molecules playing pleiotropic effects on many organs and tissues, ensuring the maintenance of homeostasis mainly in the cardiovascular system and regulating the water–salt balance. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) and their receptors play several physiological roles in maintaining and ensuring homeostasis in the human body by performing pleiotropic actions on multiple organs and target sites. Various other mechanisms have been characterized in other organs, which were made possible by the specific and individual interactions between each natriuretic peptide and the corresponding receptor in a particular site of action.
  • 329
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Urinary Peptide and Proteomic Biomarkers in CKD
Biomarker development, improvement, and clinical implementation in the context of kidney disease have been a central focus of biomedical research. Only serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion are well-accepted biomarkers in kidney disease. With their known blind spot in the early stages of kidney impairment and their diagnostic limitations, there is a need for better and more specific biomarkers. With the rise in large-scale analyses of the thousands of peptides in serum or urine samples using mass spectrometry techniques, hopes for biomarker development are high. Advances in proteomic research have led to the discovery of an increasing amount of potential proteomic biomarkers and the identification of candidate biomarkers for clinical implementation in the context of kidney disease management.
  • 220
  • 08 Jun 2023
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