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Topic Review
Brain Calcifications
Brain calcifications (BC) are intracranial calcium deposits localized in the brain parenchyma and its microvasculature. Their prevalence ranges from 1% in young individuals up to 38% in elderly subjects. Calcified areas are easily identified by clinicians as hyperdense alterations on brain CT. A certain degree of intracranial calcifications, particularly of the basal ganglia, pineal gland, choroid plexus, and habenula, can be considered a normal phenomenon associated with aging. Indeed, BC are often incidental findings on neuroimaging of asymptomatic individuals; however, they can also be associated with many genetic and acquired disorders. BC can be primary, as observed in several early- and late-onset genetic syndromes, or can be secondary to systemic alterations of phosphate–calcium metabolism (genetic and also acquired forms), intrauterine (e.g., TORCH) and post-natal infections (e.g., neurocysticercosis), hypoxic-ischemic injuries, toxic exposures (e.g., lead), brain tumors (e.g., oligodendrogliomas), and autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus).
  • 621
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Indications and Contraindications of Buccal Fat Pad Usage
The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat’s fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. 
  • 287
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Presentation of PCV on SS-OCTA
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) was generally considered as a subtype of age-related macular degeneration. Currently, the gold standard for diagnosing PCV is indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). However, it has been concerned about its rare but deadly complications and inconvenience during clinical visits. ICGA cannot provide detailed anatomical information about the disease lesions, either. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) is a new, noninvasive, fast, and high-quality imaging method for PCV, which is significantly improved in many aspects compared with the previous spectral domain OCTA (SD-OCTA). With SS-OCTA, the lesion characteristics of PCV have been extensively studied. SS-OCTA revealed a new morphological pattern of the polypoidal lesions (PLs) call “tangled vasculature”, suggesting the neovascular essence of PLs, instead of aneurysmal dilations. In addition, by assessing the changes of choroidal structure, such as the choriocapillaris flow voids, the hypothetical developing model of PCV has been proposed. Due to the improved detecting ability, SS-OCTA might also play a more important role in differential diagnosis, disease reactivation monitoring in the future. 
  • 264
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
The pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is complex and not fully understood. It involves three key factors: genetic risk factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental triggers. Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the disease, particularly in younger individuals. While cSLE has traditionally been considered a polygenic disease, it is now recognized that in rare cases, a single gene mutation can lead to the disease.
  • 166
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain–computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques.
  • 379
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Chronic Fatigue in Crohn Disease Patients
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing disorder belonging to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is manifested by relapsing transmural inflammation found in any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic fatigue is a common and underrecognized symptom of CD for which the prevalence is much higher in the population of CD patients compared to the healthy population. It stems from an intricate web of interactions between various risk factors. The implementation of routine screening and a holistic, multidisciplinary approach involving psychological support may be crucial in the management of CD patients with chronic fatigue.
  • 356
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Treating Epilepsy with Natural Products
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to uncontrollable muscle twitching, changes in sensitivity to sensory perceptions, and disorders of consciousness. Although modern medicine has effective antiepileptic drugs, the need for accessible and cost-effective medication is urgent, and products derived from plants could offer a solution.
  • 264
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of D2 Antagonist Antipsychotic Medications
Therapeutic intervention for schizophrenia relies on blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the associative striatum; however, there is little evidence for baseline overdrive of the dopamine system. Instead, the dopamine system is in a hyper-responsive state due to excessive drive by the hippocampus. This causes more dopamine neurons to be in a spontaneously active, hyper-responsive state. Antipsychotic drugs alleviate this by causing depolarization block, or excessive depolarization-induced dopamine neuron inactivation. 
  • 510
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Recurrent pregnancy loss is a common problem in the reproductive age population of women. It can be caused by many different conditions. This problem is addressed in international guidelines that take a slightly different approach to its diagnosis and treatment.
  • 314
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Medicine
Machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and deep learning (DL) are all topics that fall under the heading of artificial intelligence (AI). ML involves the application of algorithms to automate decision-making processes using models that have not been manually programmed but have been trained on data. ANNs that are a part of ML aim to simulate the structure and function of the human brain. DL, on the other hand, uses multiple layers of interconnected neurons. This enables the processing and analysis of large and complex databases. In medicine, these techniques are being introduced to improve the speed and efficiency of disease diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 191
  • 10 Aug 2023
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