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Topic Review
The Role of circHIPK3 in Human Cancers
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs with closed-loop of single-stranded RNA structure. Although most of the circRNAs do not directly encode proteins, emerging evidence suggests that circRNAs play a pivotal and complex role in multiple biological processes by regulating gene expression. Accumulating studies have substantiated that the dysregulation of circular homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 3 (circHIPK3) contributes to multiple processes in the carcinogenesis and progression of various human cancers. Not only does this molecule play a pivotal role in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance of tumor cells, but also it has the potential to act as a biomarker in early diagnosis and prognosis, considering that in most cases, circHIPK3 is a tumor promoter by sponging miRNAs.
  • 222
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Anti-VEGF Drugs
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic molecule that induces choroid neovascularization (CNV). VEGF has five ligand member in human: VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, and placenta growth factor, and there are three receptors: VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3. VEGFs play an important role in vascular development and choroid maintenance in the normal eye. The basolateral secretion of VEGF from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) continues throughout life and mediates RPE survival. However, the increase in VEGF secretion from RPE and the loss of RPE polarity are causes of the pathologic CNV condition. Since the off- label bevacizumab started to be used to treat CNV, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), there are several anti-VEGF agents approved: pegaptanib, ranibizumab, aflibercept, conbercept, brolucizumab, faricimab.
  • 365
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Skin Cancers
Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Different types of skin cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
  • 352
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Oxygen Administration during Labor
Oxygen administration to the mother aims to increase fetal oxygen diffusion across the placenta. This therapy is commonly performed during labor, especially in  case of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate. However, benefits and potential risks are controversial, especially in case of a normoxemic pregnant patient. In fact, its impact on placental gas exchange and the fetal acid–base equilibrium is not fully understood; it probably affects the sensible placental oxygen equilibrium and causes a time-dependent vasoconstriction of umbilical and placental vessels. The subsequent hyperoxia might also cause the generation of radical oxygen species, raising concerns for the developing fetal cells. Moreover, this practice affects the maternal cardiovascular system: it can cause alterations of the cardiac index, heart rate and vascular resistance, and unclear effects on uterine blood flow. In conclusion, there is no evidence that maternal oxygen administration can provide any benefit in the case of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern, while it bears possible collateral effects. Oxygen administration during labor should be reserved for cases of maternal hypoxia. 
  • 204
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
cfDNA and ctDNA as Oncologic Markers
The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsy samples as an oncological marker is being used in clinical trials at every step of clinical management. As ctDNA-based liquid biopsy kits are developed and used in clinics, companies work towards increased convenience, accuracy, and cost over solid biopsies and other oncological markers. The technology used to differentiate ctDNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) continues to improve with new tests and methodologies being able to detect down to mutant allele frequencies of 0.001% or 1/100,000 copies. 
  • 183
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. 
  • 324
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Lymphatic System
Lymphedema is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of protein-rich fluid within the interstitium, resulting in swelling of the affected area. It can manifest as primary lymphedema when it results from a structural or developmental defect in the lymphatic system, or as secondary lymphedema, which is due to iatrogenic causes.
  • 292
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology in End-Stage Renal Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and during the first year after transplantation. Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, tobacco use, family history), in CKD patients non-traditional risk factors play an important role in CAD pathophysiology.
  • 217
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dissecting Microbiome-Derived SCFAs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the most diagnosed cancer and the second primary cause of fatalities in men globally. There is an abundance of scientific evidence suggesting that the human microbiome, together with its metabolites, plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer interventions in solid and hematological cancers.
  • 274
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
TP53 Regulation of Cell Survival and Apoptosis
The new biological interaction cross-section-based repairable–homologically repairable (RHR) damage formulation for radiation-induced cellular inactivation, repair, misrepair, and apoptosis was applied to optimize radiation therapy. This new formulation accurately describing the cell survival and apoptosis and implies renewed thinking about biologically optimized radiation therapy, suggesting that most TP53 intact normal tissues are low-dose hypersensitive (LDHS) and low-dose apoptotic (LDA). This generates a fractionation window in LDHS normal tissues, indicating that the maximum dose to organs at risk should be ≤2.3 Gy/Fr, preferably of low LET. This calls for biologically optimized intensity modulated treatments using a few high tumor dose photon or light ion beams, preferably lithium to boron ion thereby avoiding secondary cancer risks and generating true tumor cure without risk for caspase-3-induced accelerated tumor cell repopulation.
  • 160
  • 04 Sep 2023
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