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Topic Review
SMAD Proteins in TGF-β Signalling Pathway in Cancer
Suppressor of mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD) family proteins are central to one of the most versatile cytokine signalling pathways in metazoan biology, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway. The TGF-β pathway is widely known for its dual role in cancer progression as both an inhibitor of tumour cell growth and an inducer of tumour metastasis.
  • 186
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dopamine Levels and Metabolism in the Heart
Dopamine has effects on the mammalian heart. These effects can include an increase in the force of contraction, and an elevation of the beating rate and the constriction of coronary arteries. Depending on the species studied, positive inotropic effects were strong, very modest, or absent, or even negative inotropic effects occurred.
  • 233
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glucagon and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Heart
Glucagon exerts effects on the mammalian heart. These effects include alterations in the force of contraction, beating rate, and changes in the cardiac conduction system axis. The cardiac effects of glucagon vary according to species, region, age, and concomitant disease. Depending on the species and region studied, the contractile effects of glucagon can be robust, modest, or even absent. Glucagon is detected in the mammalian heart and might act with an autocrine or paracrine effect on the cardiac glucagon receptors. The glucagon levels in the blood and glucagon receptor levels in the heart can change with disease or simultaneous drug application. 
  • 191
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains one of the most challenging phenomena of everyday medical science. The universal spread of high-risk clones of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant (MDR/XDR) clinical P. aeruginosa has become a public health threat. The P. aeruginosa bacteria exhibits remarkable genome plasticity that utilizes highly acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms to counter most antibiotic challenges. In addition, the adaptive antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa, including biofilm-mediated resistance and the formation of multidrug-tolerant persisted cells, are accountable for recalcitrance and relapse of infections.
  • 222
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gastroparesis in Parkinson Disease
Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) experience a range of non-motor symptoms, including gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms can be present in the prodromal phase of the disease. Recent advances in pathophysiology reveal that α-synuclein aggregates that form Lewy bodies and neurites, the hallmark of PD, are present in the enteric nervous system and may precede motor symptoms. Gastroparesis is one of the gastrointestinal involvements of PD and is characterized by delayed gastric emptying of solid food in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Gastroparesis has been reported in nearly 45% of PD. The cardinal symptoms include early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The diagnosis requires an appropriate test to confirm delayed gastric emptying, such as gastric scintigraphy, or breath test. Gastroparesis can lead to malnutrition and impairment of quality of life. Moreover, it might interfere with the absorption of antiparkinsonian drugs. The treatment includes dietary modifications, and pharmacologic agents both to accelerate gastric emptying and relieve symptoms. 
  • 751
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Gastrointestinal Cancers
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that affects the lungs, digestion, and other body systems. People with CF have a higher chance of developing certain types of cancer.  Gastrointestinal cancers encompass a range of malignancies affecting the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, pancreas, and liver. Understanding the link between CF and gastrointestinal cancers is important for improving patient care, implementing appropriate surveillance and screening measures, and identifying potential therapeutic interventions.
  • 191
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Rheumatic Diseases
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is as naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units consisting of glucuronic acids and N-acetylglucosamine, resulting in different molecular weights. HA plays a crucial pathophysiological role in rheumatic diseases, especially concerning joint health and function.
  • 159
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chromatin Remodeling and Transcription in Appendiceal Cancers
Appendiceal cancers (AC) are a rare and heterogeneous group of malignancies. Historically, appendiceal neoplasms have been grouped with colorectal cancers (CRC), and treatment strategies have been modeled after CRC management guidelines due to their structural similarities and anatomical proximity.
  • 269
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins in Cancer Immunotherapy
Tumor immunotherapy holds great potential for the future of advanced tumor therapy. The application of Cyclodextrin (CD) for immunotherapy provides new opportunities for overcoming various obstacles.
  • 306
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, ranking as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The gut microbiome, composed of trillions of commensal microorganisms, plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health. Mounting evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis, may contribute to the initiation and progression of CRC by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), including the tumor stroma.
  • 431
  • 05 Sep 2023
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