Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
The Tumor Microenvironment of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in the pediatric population. Currently, no effective molecularly targeted therapies are available for OS. The OS tumor grows in a very complex and dynamic bone microenvironment consisting of cellular and noncellular components, including bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts), vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes), immune cells (myeloid and lymphoid cells), and mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). Myeloid cells are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS. A single-cell analysis showed multiple ligand–receptor interactions between OS tumor, myeloid, and osteoblast cells, including 21 ligand–receptor gene pairs that are significantly associated with survival outcomes. The TME not only provides favorable conditions for tumor cell growth but also releases a range of elements, including various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, that can promote the metastasis of tumor cells to other tissues and organs. 
  • 130
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipocalin-2 for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Within the tumor microenvironment (TME) exists a complex signaling network between cancer cells and stromal cells, which determines the fate of tumor progression. Hence, interfering with this signaling network forms the basis for cancer therapy. Yet, many types of cancer, in particular, solid tumors, are refractory to the used treatments, so there is an urgent need for novel molecular targets that could improve anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), a secreted siderophore-binding glycoprotein that regulates iron homeostasis, is highly upregulated in various cancer types. Due to its pleiotropic role in the crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells, favoring tumor progression, it could be considered as a novel biomarker for prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
  • 239
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Renal Cancer Management with AI and Digital Pathology
Renal cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors with different histology, molecular characteristics, clinical outcomes and responses to treatment. The most common types are clear cell (ccRCC), papillary (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC).
  • 327
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Small GTPase RhoA Signaling in Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one of the most serious psychiatric disorders and is characterized by reductions in both brain volume and spine density in the frontal cortex. RhoA belongs to the RAS homolog (Rho) family and plays critical roles in neuronal development and structural plasticity via Rho-kinase. RhoA activity is regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Several variants in GAPs and GEFs associated with RhoA have been reported to be significantly associated with schizophrenia.
  • 377
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Immunity against Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), are the most frequent types of cancers among Caucasians. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) occur frequently in the Caucasian population and are considered a burden for health care. Risk factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ethnicity and immunosuppression. This indicates the importance of immunosurveillance in preventing NMSC. However, the immunological mechanisms mediating immunosurveillance against NMSC are not fully known. 
  • 245
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Newer HER2 Therapies for Gastric Adenocarcinomas
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is a well-known target for approximately 15% of gastric adenocarcinomas (GACs). Although a plethora of HER2-targeted agents are marketed, currently only two agents are approved for GAC. These two agents are used only in the metastatic setting. Trastuzumab is utilized in combination with front-line chemotherapy, and trastuzumab deruxtecan is given following failure of trastuzumab therapy.
  • 246
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody-Based First-Line Treatment in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. While surgical treatment is the only curative option for early disease, many have inoperable or advanced disease at diagnosis. Treatment in this case would be a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Gastro-esophageal (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) genetic profiling with molecular diagnostic techniques has significantly changed the therapeutic landscape in advanced cancers. The identification of key players in GEJ and GC survival and proliferation, such as human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has allowed for the individualization of advanced cancer treatment and significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival of patients. 
  • 317
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, posing a significant threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. The accurate and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is crucial for implementing appropriate treatment strategies and preventing the spread of resistant strains.
  • 337
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Huntington’s Disease Drug Development
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a severely debilitating neurodegenerative disorder in which sufferers exhibit different combinations of movement disorders, dementia, and behavioral or psychiatric abnormalities. The disorder is a result of a trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. While there is still no treatment to alter the course of HD, there are medications that lessen abnormal movement and psychiatric symptoms.
  • 209
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has transformed the management of brain metastases by achieving local tumor control, reducing toxicity, and minimizing the need for whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). Nevertheless, radiation treatment may induce brain changes, visible in neuroimaging, that are often difficult to distinguish from progressive disease.
  • 215
  • 31 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1349
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback