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Topic Review
Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Bacterial Lung Infections
Lung infections are one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Both bacterial and viral lung infections cause a vast number of infections with varying severities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells due to infection in the lung have the ability to modify the immune system, leading to either better immune response or worsening of the disease. It has been shown that both bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce their EVs and stimulate the immune system for that.
  • 197
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
XBP1 Modulates the Aging Cardiorenal System
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. Over recent years, the powerful biological functions of XBP1 in oxidative stress have been gradually revealed. When the redox balance remains undisturbed, oxidative stress plays a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, during the aging process, increased cellular senescence and reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants cause an oxidative imbalance in the cardiorenal system.
  • 352
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physiological and Anatomical Changes of Pregnancy
During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes various changes, both physiological and anatomical, necessary to meet the increased metabolic needs in order to support the growing fetus, for its harmonious development and also to prepare the body for birth. It has been observed that the first changes appear in the first trimester of pregnancy and intensify once the final term is reached and return to normal a few weeks after birth. The physiological changes produced by pregnancy are generally well tolerated by healthy women, but certain changes are still likely to aggravate different pathologies or give rise to a variety of disorders, especially musculoskeletal, which is the most common in pregnancy. A woman’s body undergoes major changes during pregnancy in all organs to support both the mother and the fetus.
  • 239
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-Fibrotic Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a non-fibrotic liver (F0) is considered to be rare, and there is a marked paucity of studies in the literature on this HCC type. A review of the literature shows some important clinical and tumor characteristics: (a) it occurs mainly in young female and elder male patients; (b) clinically, under normal hepatic function, alpha-fetoprotein level is often normal, and there are no risk factors; (c) associated with metabolic disease; (d) macroscopically, single large lesions are noted; and (e) microscopically, the lesions are well-differentiated and encapsulated. Radiological imaging results are straightforward, showing arterial hyperenhancement and later wash-out. The combined use of B-mode and contrast-enhanced (CE) ultrasound (US) is the most reliable and cost-effective diagnostic method. Few peri-and post-operative complications are noted and 5-year survival is not inferior to patients with HCC on fibrosis liver despite the lesion’s large size. Most clinicians believe that HCC is unlikely to occur if patients have no symptoms and normal hepatic function.
  • 171
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Causes of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer occupies a significant position within the landscape of oncological diseases, captivating researchers and medical professionals alike. Its prominence can be attributed to a combination of factors that contribute to its scientific complexity and societal relevance. One of the primary facets that renders ovarian cancer intriguing is its multifaceted etiology, which involves intricate interactions between genetic predispositions, hormonal influences, and environmental factors.
  • 171
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium renowned for its resilience and adaptability across diverse environments, including clinical settings, where it emerges as a formidable pathogen. Notorious for causing nosocomial infections, P. aeruginosa presents a significant challenge due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms.
  • 266
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
P-Glycoprotein
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a crucial membrane transporter situated on the cell’s apical surface, being responsible for eliminating xenobiotics and endobiotics. P-gp modulators are compounds that can directly or indirectly affect this protein, leading to changes in its expression and function. These modulators can act as inhibitors, inducers, or activators, potentially causing drug–drug interactions (DDIs). 
  • 553
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Carcinogenic Pathologies through Breath Biomarkers
The assessment of volatile breath biomarkers has been targeted with a lot of interest by the scientific and medical communities during the past decades due to their suitability for an accurate, painless, non-invasive, and rapid diagnosis of health states and pathological conditions.
  • 201
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Group
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on nearly all nucleated cells in the body. The HLA region is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21), commonly referred to as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). There are two major classes of HLA antigens: HLA class I (loci HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and HLA class II (loci HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, HLA-DP, HLA-DM, and HLA-DO); these HLA molecules exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, with numerous alleles at each specific locus. 
  • 230
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Histopathological Parameters for Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland tumor that accounts for approximately 1% of all head and neck cancers. Despite its initial indolent behavior, long-term survival is poor due to locoregional recurrence in approximately 40% and distant metastasis in up to 60% of patients who undergo radical treatment. The histological parameters of ACC and the combination of these parameters in histopathological grading systems provide valuable prognostic information about the clinical course of the disease. 
  • 181
  • 15 Nov 2023
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