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Topic Review
Perioperative Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Cardiac Surgery
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction frequently occurs after cardiac surgery and is linked to adverse postoperative outcomes, including mortality, reintubation, stroke, and prolonged ICU stays. While various criteria using echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters have been proposed, a consensus remains elusive. Distinctive RV anatomical features include its thin wall, which presents a triangular shape in a lateral view and a crescent shape in a cross-sectional view. Principal causes of RV dysfunction after cardiac surgery encompass ischemic reperfusion injury, prolonged ischemic time, choice of cardioplegia and its administration, cardiopulmonary bypass weaning characteristics, and preoperative risk factors. Post-left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation RV dysfunction is common but often transient, with a favorable prognosis upon resolution. There is an ongoing debate regarding the benefits of concomitant surgical repair of the RV in the presence of regurgitation. According to the literature, the gold standard techniques for assessing RV function are cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and hemodynamic assessment using thermodilution. 
  • 331
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Healthy Foods Choices for Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD.
  • 167
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Interaction of Prokineticin Receptors with Accessory Proteins
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins that mediate the intracellular pathway of signals not only through heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) but also through their associations with a variety of additional partner proteins. Prokineticin receptors 1 (PKR1) and 2 (PKR2) are new members of the GPCRs whose ligands are the novel chemokines prokineticin 1 (PK1) and prokineticin 2 (PK2). The multiplicity of G proteins coupled to PKRs, the ability of PKR2 to heterodimerize, the interaction of PKR2 with accessory proteins, and the existence of alternative splice isoforms of PKR2/PK2 explain the complexity of the system in the signal transduction pathway and, consequently, in the modulation of various physiological and pathological functions. Knowledge of these mechanisms provides the basis for the development of targeted drugs with therapeutic efficacy in PK-dependent diseases.
  • 134
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated.
  • 142
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sonosensitizers with Various Imaging Functions
With the rapid development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), sonosensitizers have evolved from traditional treatments to comprehensive diagnostics and therapies. Sonosensitizers play a crucial role in the integration of ultrasound imaging (USI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics while also playing a therapeutic role.
  • 134
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Treatment for Lung Carcinoids
Lung carcinoids are divided into typical and atypical. Most tumors are slow-growing yet have malignant potential, which is more common in patients harboring atypical carcinoids. Most patients with lung carcinoids are diagnosed before the occurrence of distant metastases. Surgery is curative in most of these cases. In individuals with distant metastases, the treatment is more controversial. A watch-and-wait policy has been proposed in asymptomatic individuals with a low proliferative rate. Possible treatment options include somatostatin analogues, chemotherapy, mTOR inhibitors, and radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate, depending on somatostatin receptor expression, proliferative rate, bone marrow and kidney function, and the patient’s general health.
  • 201
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Abnormalities in Metabolic Pathways of Phosphoinositides
Myo-inositol belongs to one of the sugar alcohol groups known as cyclitols. Phosphatidylinositols are one of the derivatives of Myo-inositol, and constitute important mediators in many intracellular processes such as cell growth, cell differentiation, receptor recycling, cytoskeletal organization, and membrane fusion. They also have even more functions that are essential for cell survival. Mutations in genes encoding phosphatidylinositols and their derivatives can lead to many disorders. 
  • 325
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Suprachoroidal Injections for Photoreceptor Loss
Suprachoroidal (SC) injections offer a potential therapeutic approach for diseases involving photoreceptor loss. These injections involve delivering therapeutic agents or cells into the space between the choroid and the sclera, known as the suprachoroidal space (SCS). This targeted delivery allows for direct access to the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and photoreceptor cells. Many retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa can have shown positive responses to suprachoroidal treatments in multiple studies. Notably, suprachoroidal injections offer a novel route of administration for treatments such as gene therapy and stem cell treatments.
  • 269
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomechanics of Suprachoroidal Injection
Suprachoroidal injections are a valuable strategy for ocular drug delivery, with effectiveness dependent on various parameters: injection force, injectate volume, formulation characteristics, and compartmentalization. For example, viscosity plays a critical role, as higher viscosity agents favor anterior drug localization, while lower viscosity enables greater posterior delivery. Higher viscosity formulations also slow clearance rates, prolonging the drug's duration of action. Particle size in suspensions is another key factor. Larger particles remain in the suprachoroidal space for longer periods and are less prone to washout by choroidal circulation, thereby extending therapeutic effects. By skillfully manipulating these parameters, researchers and clinicians can personalize drug delivery based on the specific location and chronicity of the ocular disease being treated, leading to improved treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction. This advancement marks a significant step toward precision medicine in ophthalmology.
  • 247
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Suprachoroidal Injections for Macular Edema
Macular edema is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula, leading to vision impairment. Suprachoroidal injections can help with macular edema by delivering medication directly to the affected area, allowing for targeted treatment. Suprachoroidal injections offer several advantages in treating macular edema such as providing a more localized delivery of medication compared to other route and allowing for sustained drug release, which prolongs the duration of the therapeutic effect. This approach therefore minimizes potential side effects and systemic exposure to the medication as well as improving patient comfort. Depending on the exact etiology of macular edema, different substances can be delivered through this method, whether is is triamcinolone acetonide or corticosteroids.  
  • 143
  • 04 Dec 2023
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