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Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Skin Cancer
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production and subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the capacity of a biological system to eliminate these reactive substances. Systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma, serum, urine, or red blood cells have been found to be elevated in many diseases, including skin cancer. UV radiation (UVR) induces damage to biomolecules that enter the bloodstream, reinforcing systemic oxidative stress. On the other hand, pre-existing systemic oxidative stress does not supply the skin with the adequate micronutrients and antioxidant resources to ameliorate the skin’s antioxidant defense against UVR. In both scenarios, skin cancer patients are exposed to oxidative conditions. In the case of warts, oxidation is linked to chronic inflammation, while impaired cutaneous antioxidant defense could ineffectively deal with possible oxidative stimuli from viral agents, such as HPV. 
  • 239
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ion Channel Disturbances in Migraine Headache
Migraine is a primary headache disorder, which is an enormous burden to the healthcare system. While some aspects of the pathomechanism of migraines remain unknown, the most accepted theory is that activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system are essential during migraine attacks. It has been suggested that ion channels may be important participants in the pathogenesis of migraine. Numerous ion channels are expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems, including the trigeminovascular system, affecting neuron excitability, synaptic energy homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, and pain sensation. Dysfunction of ion channels could result in neuronal excitability and peripheral or central sensitization.
  • 294
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Off-Label Prescribing in Pediatric Population
Off-label prescribing is widespread among pediatricians, and it is unlikely that this trend will soon be bound by a uniform legal framework. This is necessitated by the fact that there are four variables: the patient’s health condition, the physician’s experience and knowledge, the legislative measures (laws, directives, guidelines, and recommendations), and finally, the pharmaceutical industry. There is considerable concern worldwide about the use of off-label medicines in children. 
  • 121
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prominent health issue with an increasing rate of worldwide occurrence. In 2020, HCC accounted for 906,000 new cases and 830,000 new deaths, making it the third greatest cause of cancer death. Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis, often result in the development of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, and subsequent regeneration, which will injure and alter the organization of the liver tissues, contributing to HCC prognosis. The main risk factors include hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), alcohol use disorder, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • 312
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Definitions and the Basics of Knot Tying
Surgical knots are sequences of half-knots (H) or half-hitches (S), defined by their number of throws, by an opposite or similar rotation compared with the previous one, and for half-hitches whether they are sliding (s) or blocking (b). Opposite rotation results in (more secure) symmetric (s) knots, similar rotation in asymmetric (a) knots, and changing the active and passive ends has the same effect as changing the rotation. Loop security is the force to keep tissue together after a first half-knot or sliding half-hitches. With polyfilament sutures, H2, H3, SSs, and SSsSsSs have a loop security of 10, 18, 28, and 48 Newton (N), respectively. With monofilament sutures, they are only 7, 16, 18, and 25 N. For knot security, half hitch sequences such as 2 sliding and 2 blocking half hitches are the future: the risk of destabilisation is less, and for monofilament sutures, they are mandatory.   
  • 3.0K
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
225Ac as a Potential Theranostic Radionuclide
α radioisotopes can offer a treatment choice to individuals who are not responding to β− or gamma-radiation therapy or chemotherapy drugs. Only a few α-particle emitters are suitable for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) and clinical applications. The majority of available clinical research involves 225Ac and its daughter nuclide 213Bi. Additionally, the 225Ac disintegration cascade generates γ decays that can be used in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, expanding the potential theranostic applications in nuclear medicine. Despite the growing interest in applying 225Ac, the restricted global accessibility of this radioisotope makes it difficult to conduct extensive clinical trials for many radiopharmaceutical candidates.
  • 573
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gut–Brain Axis, Microbiota and Probiotics
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a relatively common digestive disorder. It is estimated that IBS has a prevalence of 10–15% in the general population in industrialized countries and is a factor with a significant impact on both the individual and society in terms of quality of life and health care costs. Depending on symptomatology, comorbidities, quality of life and healthcare needs, IBS can have a mild, moderate, or severe clinical course. Some studies have shown that the severe form occurs in 15–40% of patients with IBS.
  • 138
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Interleukins in Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. The pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation.
  • 291
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma Management
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has challenged the conventional wisdom surrounding the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). There has been a significant accumulation of clinical data to support the safety and efficacy of SABR in RCC.
  • 138
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
LAs in Pain, Inflammation, and Other Clinical Conditions
The use of low-dose local anesthetics in low concentrations for therapeutic, non-anesthetic purposes, known as neural therapy, has significantly transformed patient care by providing rapid, effective, long-lasting and safe relief of pain, inflammation and other clinical conditions while minimizing recovery time. 
  • 281
  • 05 Dec 2023
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