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Topic Review
Role of Arecoline in Oral Carcinogenesis
Arecoline is the primary active carcinogen found in areca nut and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). 
  • 161
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Imaging
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging emerged as the most definitive modality, offering real-time detection, comprehensive assessment of cardiac function, the ability to detect early myocardial changes, and superior detection of cardiotoxicity when compared to the other imaging modalities. 
  • 140
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes
Sleep is viewed as essential to the recuperation process and is distinguished as an active participant in recovery through its involvement in growth, repair, regeneration, and immunity. Furthermore, the literature has shown that the sleep of athletes impacts elements of athletic performance including both physical and cognitive performance, recovery, injury risk, and mental well-being. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must meet an individual’s sleep needs whilst also lasting for an adequate duration and being of adequate quality, which is age-dependent.
  • 364
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inherited Metabolic Disorders Requiring Diet Regimen
Many inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), including disorders of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, are treated with a dietary reduction or exclusion of certain macronutrients, putting one at risk of a reduced intake of micronutrients.
  • 187
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Understanding the Mental Health of Doctoral Students
Doctoral degrees include Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and other professional doctorates such as Engineering Doctorate (EngD), Doctor of Education (EdD) or Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy). Unlike undergraduate or postgraduate taught students, doctoral students focus upon a single, autonomous piece of research. Research indicates a high occurrence of mental health problems, mental distress, and symptoms of anxiety or depression in doctoral students. Additionally, there is concern that they may be less likely to disclose existing mental health problems or access support services than undergraduate or postgraduate taught students. This entry explores the known factors that contribute to the mental health of doctoral students studying in the United Kingdom.
  • 378
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
CAR-T Cell Therapy in Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, especially from progenitor or mature B-cells, T-cells, or natural killer (NK) cells. NHL is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide and also the fourth most frequent type of cancer among pediatric patients. This cancer can occur in children of any age, but it is quite rare under the age of 5 years. In recent decades, available medicines and therapies have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with this cancer. However, some cases of NHL are treatment resistant. For this reason, immunotherapy, as a more targeted and personalized treatment strategy, is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of NHL in pediatric patients.
  • 171
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thoracentesis for the Management of Pleural Effusions
Pleural effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can occur due to various underlying medical conditions. It is a relatively common finding, with approximately 1.5 million cases reported annually in the United States. Common causes include congestive heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and malignancy. Thoracentesis, also known as needle thoracostomy or pleural tap, was first described by American physician Henry Ingersoll Bowditch in 1852 and involves the removal of excess pleural fluid for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is often the preferred initial procedure for diagnosis and management of pleural effusions, with approximately 178,000 thoracenteses performed in the United States annually.
  • 340
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
RNA Combined with Nanoformulation to Advance Therapeutic Technologies
Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to address numerous diseases that pose significant challenges to more traditional methods. RNA-based therapies have emerged as a promising avenue, utilizing nanoformulation treatments to target a range of pathologies. Nanoformulation offers several advantages compared to other treatment modalities, including targeted delivery, low toxicity, and bioactivity suitable for drug loading. Various types of nanoformulations are available, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), magnetic NPs, nanoshells, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). RNA-based therapy utilizes intracellular gene nanoparticles with messenger RNA (mRNA) emerging prominently in cancer therapy and immunotechnology against infectious diseases. The approval of mRNA-based technology opens doors for future technological advancements, particularly self-amplifying replicon RNA (repRNA). RepRNA is a novel platform in gene therapy, comprising viral RNA with a unique molecular property that enables the amplification of all encoded genetic information countless times. As a result, repRNA-based therapies have achieved significant levels of gene expression.
  • 126
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Wilms tumor (or nephroblastoma) is a malignant and solid neoplasm that derives from the primitive renal bud. It represents the most frequent primary tumor of the urogenital tract in childhood, and treatment consists of surgery and chemo-radiotherapy. 
  • 220
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Altered Mitostasis in ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multisystem disease characterized by progressive death of motor neurons, loss of muscle mass, and impaired energy metabolism. The morphology and dynamics of mitochondrial network, quality control mechanisms, motility, and overall mitochondrial function are closely interrelated pathways that play a fundamental role in the dyshomeostasis of mitochondria in neurons, surrounding glial cells, myocytes, and many other cell types across peripheral tissues. Molecular mechanisms responsible for altered mitostasis in ALS-affected cells contribute to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, energy deficiency and, ultimately, the death of motoneurons and other cells. Damaged mitochondria can release a number of proapoptotic factors and inflammatory response activators called damage-related molecular patterns, which creates a cycle of direct communication between mitochondrial disorders, inflammation, and cell degeneration.
  • 299
  • 19 Dec 2023
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