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Topic Review
Carbocysteine’s Effects in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Carbocysteine (R-2-amino-3[(carboxymethyl)thiol] propionic acid) is a biologically active dibasic amino acid. The carbocysteine molecule is characterized by the presence of a bound sulfhydrilic group. Carbocysteine can increase cilia beating in airway epithelial cells, thus improving the function of the mucociliary escalator and its function of removing harmful particles, viruses, and bacteria from the airway surface.
  • 478
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling and Aging of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Wnt signaling plays an essential role in aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Aberration of Wnt signaling seen in aged animals has been shown to affect regenerative capacity and differentiation of intestinal stem cells and promote aging-related deterioration. Similarly, abnormal Wnt signaling was observed in the aged stomach. Specifically, enhanced Wnt signaling in organoids established from the stomachs of aged mice induced the expression of Tbx3, a transcription factor that suppress cellular senescence, and led to augmented cellular proliferation. The enhanced Wnt signaling was due to suppressed Dkk3, a Wnt inhibitor, in aged gastric organoids. With respect to the role of TBX3 in humans, expression of TBX3 in human gastric tissues exhibited positive correlation with patients' age whereas that of DKK3 showed negative correlation with patients' age. In addition, TBX3 expression was also confirmed in gastric cancer tissues but not in normal gastric mucosae. These findings indicated that this DKK3-Wnt-TBX3 pathway may contribute to aging-related gastric carcinogenesis.
  • 478
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Effects of Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors
Patients diagnosed with metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) have a poor survival prognosis. Unfortunately for this rare disease, there is no known cure and suitable therapeutic options are limited. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors (HDAC6i) are currently in clinical trials for other cancers and show potential beneficial effects against tumor cell survival in vitro and in vivo. In MUM cells, HDAC6i show an anti-proliferative effect in vitro and in preclinical zebrafish xenograft models. 
  • 477
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Host Cell Signatures within Beta-Herpes Virions
Beta-herpesviruses infect a large proportion of the human population and are associated with a variety of pathophysiological conditions. They are DNA viruses with a large genome that encodes a relatively large number of gene products for the construction of new viral progeny and the establishment of a complex series of interactions with infected cells.
  • 477
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neutral CB1 Receptor Antagonists
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that rimonabant, a selective CB1R antagonist with an inverse agonist profile, was highly promising as a therapeutic for SUDs.
  • 477
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in COVID-19
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells present in virtually all tissues; they have a potent self-renewal capacity and can differentiate into multiple cell types. They also affect the ambient tissue by the paracrine secretion of numerous factors in vivo, including the induction of other stem cells’ differentiation. In vitro, the culture media supernatant is named secretome and contains soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles that retain potent biological function in tissue regeneration.
  • 476
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with a complex etiopathogenesis, which involves both congenital and environmental factors. It leads to neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and a significant impairment of social functioning. Its lifetime incidence has been estimated at 7.1 per 1000 people, and the male to female risk ratio is 1.4:1.
  • 476
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Golgi Proteostasis
The Golgi apparatus is a central hub for cellular protein trafficking and signaling. Golgi structure and function is tightly coupled and undergoes dynamic changes in health and disease. A crucial requirement for maintaining Golgi homeostasis is the ability of the Golgi to target aberrant, misfolded, or otherwise unwanted proteins to degradation. Recent studies have revealed that the Golgi apparatus may degrade such proteins through autophagy, retrograde trafficking to the ER for ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and locally, through Golgi apparatus-related degradation (GARD).
  • 476
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune Cell Type-Specific Metabolic Reprogramming
Immunometabolism is an emerging discipline in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor tissues are heterogeneous and influenced by metabolic reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In the TIME, multiple cell types interact, and the tumor and immune cells compete for limited nutrients, resulting in altered anticancer immunity. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming of individual cell types may influence the outcomes of immunotherapy. Understanding the metabolic competition for access to limited nutrients between tumor cells and immune cells could reveal the breadth and complexity of the TIME and aid in developing novel therapeutic approaches for cancer.
  • 476
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Industrial Enyzmes
Industrial enzymes are enzymes that are commercially used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemical production, biofuels, food & beverage, and consumer products. Due to advancements in recent years, biocatalysis through isolated enzymes is considered more economical than use of whole cells. Enzymes may be used as a unit operation within a process to generate a desired product, or may be the product of interest. Industrial biological catalysis through enzymes has experienced rapid growth in recent years due to their ability to operate at mild conditions, and exceptional chiral and positional specificity, things that traditional chemical processes lack. Isolated enzymes are typically used in hydrolytic and isomerization reactions. Whole cells are typically used when a reaction requires a co-factor. Although co-factors may be generated in vitro, it is typically more cost-effective to use metabolically active cells.
  • 476
  • 20 Oct 2022
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