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Topic Review
Brown Adipose Tissue Architecture and Thermogenic Function
The body of mammals harbors two distinct types of adipose tissue: While cells within the white adipose tissue (WAT) store surplus energy as lipids, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is nowadays recognized as the main tissue for transforming chemical energy into heat. This process, referred to as ‘non-shivering thermogenesis’, is facilitated by the uncoupling of the electron transport across mitochondrial membranes from ATP production. BAT-dependent thermogenesis acts as a safeguarding mechanism under reduced ambient temperature but also plays a critical role in metabolic and energy homeostasis in health and disease. 
  • 534
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Uncoupling Aging from Chronological Time
Cellular life evolved from simple unicellular organisms that could replicate indefinitely, being essentially ageless. At this point, life split into two fundamentally different cell types: the immortal germline representing an unbroken lineage of cell division with no intrinsic endpoint and the mortal soma, which ages and dies. We consider aging as a process not fixed to the pace of chronological time but one that can speed up or slow down depending on the rate of intrinsic cellular clocks. Moreover germline factor reprogramming might be used to slow the rate of aging and potentially reverse it by causing the clocks to tick backward. Therefore, reprogramming may eventually lead to therapeutic strategies to treat degenerative diseases by altering aging itself, the one condition common to us all.
  • 534
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate the gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and participate in maintaining the correct cell homeostasis and functioning. Different specific profiles have been identified in lesional skin from autoimmune cutaneous diseases, and their deregulation cause aberrant control of biological pathways, contributing to pathogenic conditions. 
  • 534
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CD133
Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), possessing self-renewal properties and resistance to anticancer treatment, are possibly the leading cause of distant metastasis and treatment failure in prostate cancer (PC). CD133 is one of the most well-known and valuable cell surface markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in many cancers, including PC. CSCs refer to a small subset of cancer cells, theoretically, this can be even a single cancer cell, which can differentiate into a heterogeneous and hierarchy of cancer cells. Sharing a number of characteristics with normal somatic stem cells, CSCs are capable of self-renewing, asymmetric division, generation of heterogeneous lineage, differentiation into various cancer cells which make up the tumor bulk, manifesting more aggressive phenotypes and exhibiting resistance to anticancer treatment. The existence of CSCs was first reported in acute myeloid leukemia in 1997 and later in a broad spectrum of common solid tumors, including PC.
  • 534
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Osteogenesis
As central mediators of homeostasis, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) can allow cells to survive in a low-oxygen environment and are essential for the regulation of osteogenesis and skeletal repair.
  • 535
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols (T3s), members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in various food sources and exist as four naturally occurring analogues known as alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ), and gamma (γ).
  • 533
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Nitrergic Enteric Neurons
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. 
  • 533
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Interleukin (IL)-6
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a signaling molecule involved in inflammatory processes, initiating fever and mediating the acute phase response. It is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted by a range of cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells and several tumor cells. It is also released by cells in the brain, such as neurons, microglia and astrocytes.
  • 533
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Diseases
Redox equilibria and the modulation of redox signalling play crucial roles in physiological processes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupts the body’s antioxidant defence, compromising redox homeostasis and increasing oxidative stress, leading to the development of several diseases. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a principal antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from oxidative damage by converting superoxide anion radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen in mitochondria. Systematic studies have demonstrated that MnSOD plays an indispensable role in multiple diseases. 
  • 531
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms and Nano-Treatments
The cellular mechanisms of drug resistance prevent the correct efficacy of the therapies used in various types of cancer and nanotechnology has been postulated as a possible alternative to avoid them. This entry focuses on describing the different mechanisms of drug resistance and dis-covering which nanotechnology-based therapies have been used in recent years to evade them in colon (CRC) and pancreatic cancer (PAC). Here we summarize the use of different types of nanotechnology (mainly nanoparticles) that have shown efficacy in vitro and in vivo in preclinical phases, allowing future in-depth research in CRC and PAC and its translation to future clinical trials.
  • 531
  • 02 May 2021
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