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Topic Review
Protein Kinase CK2
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous holoenzyme involved in a wide array of developmental processes. The involvement of CK2 in events such as neurogenesis, cardiogenesis, skeletogenesis, and spermatogenesis is essential for the viability of almost all organisms, and its role has been conserved throughout evolution.
  • 586
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology-Assisted Cell Tracking
The beneficial effects of nanotechnology in the field of disease diagnosis and therapy depends on the evolution of innovative approaches for cell tracking in living subjects. Recent developments in the use of nanotechnologies have contributed to advance of the high-resolution in vivo imaging methods as well as targeted disease approaches. In this context, the application of strategies for the biomimetic design and functionalization of nanoparticles (NP) to be used for directing cell labelling and their intracellular retention have received growing interest and require further investigation to improve direct cell tracking protocols allowing non-invasive long-term targeted monitoring through in vivo imaging.
  • 586
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
The HSC Niche in β-thalassemia and SCD
Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin (Hb) production, estimated to be the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. In the last decade, research on pathophysiology and therapeutic solutions for β-thalassemia (BThal) and sickle cell disease (SCD) has been mostly focused on the primary erythroid defect, thus neglecting the study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The quality and engraftment of HSCs depend on the BM microenvironment, influencing the outcome of HSC transplantation (HSCT) both in allogeneic and in autologous gene therapy settings. In BThal and SCD, the consequences of severe anemia alter erythropoiesis and cause chronic stress in different organs, including the BM. 
  • 585
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Immunological Synapse and Primary Cilium
The primary cilium is a small microtubule-based organelle that extends from the apical surface of most eukaryotic cells into the extracellular space for sensing and transducing a wide range of cues. Defects in cilia growth and function are associated with a group of human inherited multisystemic diseases, known as ciliopathies. In recent years a rising number of ciliary proteins have been described at extraciliary sites, both in ciliated and non-ciliated cells, and have been implicated in cilium-independent functions and different cellular processes. Hematopoietic cells, including T lymphocytes, do not form primary cilia. However, non-ciliated T cells co-opt the ciliogenesis machinery for the assembly and function of the immunological synapse, a well-organized structure formed by immune cells – multiple types of T cells, mast cells, NK cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells – allowing for antigen recognition and signaling, information exchange and polarized release of molecules into the synaptic cleft. The identification of many, unexpected similarities between the primary cilium and the T cell immunological synapse at the structural, functional and molecular levels have highlighted the homology between these structures, even though they show disparate morphologies. 
  • 585
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) are nanosized membranous subcellular structures released by platelets, which comprise different subpopulations that differ on morphology, size, composition and cellular origin. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) work as intercellular communicators exerting their function by transporting their cargo that includes nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. pEVs have shown to mediate same functions as platelets, presenting  a great potential for the development of new treatments in the biomedical field. 
  • 584
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Hippo Pathway in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common and malignant tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS), affecting both children and adults. GBM is one of the deadliest tumor types and it shows a strong multidrug resistance (MDR) and an immunosuppressive microenvironment which remain a great challenge to therapy.
  • 584
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neuroprotection of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding proteins and receptors are widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), proposing IGF-1-induced neurotrophic actions in normal growth, development, and maintenance. However, while there is convincing evidence that the IGF-1 system has specific endocrine roles in the CNS, the concept is emerging that IGF-I might be also important in disorders such as ischemic stroke, brain trauma, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, etc., by inducing neuroprotective effects towards glutamate-mediated excitotoxic signaling pathways. Research in rodent models has demonstrated rescue of pathophysiological and behavioral abnormalities when IGF-1 was administered by different routes, and several clinical studies have shown safety and promise of efficacy in neurological disorders of the CNS.
  • 583
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fibroblast Activation in Injured Heart
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extra cellular matrix (ECM) components. It is a physiological response to pathological stimuli that helps to confine injuries. However, the prolonged activation of this process results in adverse tissue remodeling, which can ultimately affect the structure and function of organs (adverse remodeling).
  • 583
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors.
  • 582
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
TRP Channels on the Progression of Liver Diseases
The liver serves as a vital organ with a primary metabolic function. In addition, it possesses the ability to synthesize and decompose proteins, regulate overall blood volume, eliminate toxins, and regulate immunity, all of which are crucial for maintaining normal physiological activities in the human body. 
  • 581
  • 25 Aug 2023
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