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Topic Review
Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanosized particles produced by nearly all cell types, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and they carry their parent cell’s cytosolic components in their lumen, including RNA and various proteins. EVs can be broadly classified into three types by their biogenesis pathway: exosomes, microvesicles (ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. EVs can be decorated with surface molecules to enhance their targeting abilities. This can be accomplished by directly attaching targeting moieties to the EV surface or modifying EV-producing cells.
  • 474
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Myocardial Fibrosis
Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and considered a contributor to diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. This can trigger downstream effects that result in the increased release of pro-coagulant, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, this can lead to an enhanced thrombotic state (by platelet activation), endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis. Of note, Studies have revealed that myocardial fibrosis is emerging as a mediator of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related CVD. Together, such factors can eventually result in systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and an increased risk for CVD.
  • 291
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Host Cell Signatures within Beta-Herpes Virions
Beta-herpesviruses infect a large proportion of the human population and are associated with a variety of pathophysiological conditions. They are DNA viruses with a large genome that encodes a relatively large number of gene products for the construction of new viral progeny and the establishment of a complex series of interactions with infected cells.
  • 456
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mammalian Circadian Rhythms and Ubiquitin Ligases
Circadian clocks evolved to enable organisms to anticipate and prepare for periodic environmental changes driven by the day–night cycle. This internal timekeeping mechanism is built on autoregulatory transcription–translation feedback loops that control the rhythmic expression of core clock genes and their protein products. The levels of clock proteins rise and ebb throughout a 24-h period through their rhythmic synthesis and destruction. In the ubiquitin–proteasome system, the process of polyubiquitination, or the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin chain, marks a protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The process is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, which recognize specific substrates for ubiquitination.
  • 430
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
IL-7 and IL-7R in Cancer
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a multipotent cytokine that maintains the homeostasis of the immune system. IL-7 plays a vital role in T-cell development, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in B cell maturation through the activation of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). IL-7 is closely associated with tumor development and has been used in cancer clinical research and therapy.
  • 692
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Basic Principles and Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality which uses visible light wavelengths, mainly in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions, for the activation of photosensitizing molecules (PSs). The widespread diffusion of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for solid tumors is mainly limited by the patient’s adverse reaction (skin photosensitivity), insufficient light penetration in deeply seated neoplastic lesions, unfavorable photosensitizers (PSs) biodistribution, and photokilling efficiency due to PS aggregation in biological environments.
  • 459
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tumour Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Tumour onset and development occur because of specific immune support. The immune system, which is originally able to perceive and eliminate incipient cancer cells, becomes suppressed and hijacked by cancer. For these purposes, tumour cells use extracellular vesicles (TEVs). Specific molecular composition allows TEVs to reprogram immune cells towards tumour tolerance. Circulating TEVs move from their site of origin to other organs, preparing “a fertile soil” for metastasis formation. 
  • 464
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis
Arsenic is a chemical element that is toxic, and long-term exposure to it causes cancers such as lung, skin, liver, and bladder cancers. Over 150 million people around the world are affected by arsenic exposure.
  • 513
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fatty Acid Metabolism Reprogramming in Prostate Cancer
Fatty acids metabolism is rewired significantly in prostate cancer (PCa). Although PCa can be treated with hormone therapy, after prolonged treatment, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can develop and can lead to increased mortality. Both whole-body fatty acid (FA) metabolism in PCa patients and cellular FA metabolism play important roles in PCa origination and development. FA metabolism may provide potential candidate targets for the treatment or diagnosis of PCa.
  • 552
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Giant Multinucleated Cells in Aging and Senescence
Aging is a progressive decline of an organism over time. In contrast, senescence occurs throughout an organism’s lifespan. It is a cell-cycle arrest preventing the proliferation of damaged cells. Cellular and molecular senescence timing is crucial for the pace of aging and disease development and progression. The accumulation of senescent cells during a lifespan leads to organismal senescence. Senescent multinucleated giant cells are present in many age-related diseases and cancer. Although senescence was assumed to be irreversible, studies now show that senescent multinucleated giant cells overcome senescence in various cancers, becoming the source of highly aggressive mononucleated stem-like cells, which divide and initiate tumor development and progression.
  • 433
  • 20 Sep 2022
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