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Topic Review
Potential Role of Methylglyoxal in Ageing
Advances in molecular biology technology have piqued tremendous interest in glycometabolism and bioenergetics in homeostasis and neural development linked to ageing and age-related diseases. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a by-product of glycolysis, and it can covalently modify proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to cell growth inhibition and, eventually, cell death. MGO can alter intracellular calcium homeostasis, which is a major cell-permeant precursor to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). As side-products or signalling molecules, MGO is involved in several pathologies, including ageing.
  • 549
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Potential Causal Contributions to Post-Traumatic Syndrome
In vitro models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) help to elucidate the pathological mechanisms responsible for cell dysfunction and death.  Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and a drop in ΔΨm may cause delayed neuronal death and thus play a key role in the development of the post-traumatic syndrome. Preventing prolonged ΔΨm depolarization may be a promising therapeutic approach to improve neuronal survival after traumatic brain injury. 
  • 354
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Potent Regulators of Cancer Stem Cell Signaling
Cancer stem cells were first identified in breast cancer; it was reported that breast tumors contained heterogeneous populations of cancer cells and that a small population with CD44-positive/high and CD24-negative/low surface expression was capable of generating tumors despite having no obvious morphologic features.
  • 213
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Post-Translational Role of UFMylation in Physiology and Disease
Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is a newly identified ubiquitin-like protein that has been conserved during the evolution of multicellular organisms. In a similar manner to ubiquitin, UFM1 can become covalently linked to the lysine residue of a substrate via a dedicated enzymatic cascade. Although a limited number of substrates have been identified so far, UFM1 modification (UFMylation) has been demonstrated to play a vital role in a variety of cellular activities, including mammalian development, ribosome biogenesis, the DNA damage response, endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, immune responses, and tumorigenesis.
  • 234
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications in Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and subsequent formation of active caspase-1 as well as the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and gasdermin D (GSDMD), mediating the occurrence of pyroptosis and inflammation. Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation causes a variety of diseases. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is a target for prevention and treatment of relative diseases. 
  • 451
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications
The healthy state is guaranteed by the fine-tuning of genes controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and development, whose alteration induces cellular behavioral changes finally leading to cancer. A major challenge to the cell is to guarantee that proteins are made, folded, assembled and delivered to function properly, like and even more when referring to oncogenes and onco-suppressors products. Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications modulate the stability and control the activity of most of the proteins that manage cell cycle, immune responses, apoptosis, and senescence.
  • 459
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Post-transcriptional RNA Modifications
Post-transcriptional RNA modifications (also called “Epitranscriptomics”) can be detected in RNA while using various methods and approaches exploiting the chemical and physico-chemical properties of these non-canonical RNA nucleotides. 
  • 535
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Post-Ischemic Tau Protein
Recent data suggest that post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration in humans and animals is associated with the modified tau protein in a manner typical of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Pathological changes in the tau protein, at the gene and protein level due to cerebral ischemia, can lead to the development of Alzheimer’s disease-type neuropathology and dementia. Some studies have shown increased tau protein staining and gene expression in neurons following ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Recent studies have found the tau protein to be associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuronal function. In this review, we discuss the interrelationship of these phenomena with post-ischemic changes in the tau protein in the brain. The tau protein may be at the intersection of many pathological mechanisms due to severe neuropathological changes in the brain following ischemia. The data indicate that an episode of cerebral ischemia activates the damage and death of neurons in the hippocampus in a tau protein-dependent manner, thus determining a novel and important mechanism for the survival and/or death of neuronal cells following ischemia. In this review, we update our understanding of proteomic and genomic changes in the tau protein in post-ischemic brain injury and present the relationship between the modified tau protein and post-ischemic neuropathology and present a positive correlation between the modified tau protein and a post-ischemic neuropathology that has characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease-type neurodegeneration. 
  • 442
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Possible Role of Kiss1/GPR54 System in Skeletal Muscle
The skeletal muscle is the storage organ for muscle glycogen and the most prominent motor organ of an organism. Consequently, the relationship between the skeletal muscle and energy metabolism cannot be ignored during physical activities, especially during exercise. The Kiss1/GPR54 system is a multifunctional genetic system with an essential role in regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Expression of Kiss1 and GPR54 mRNAs can be detected in skeletal muscle of some mammals. However, the Kiss1/GPR54 system in skeletal muscles has not been thoroughly studied. Researchers have proposed the speculation on the possible role of the kiss1 /GPRS4 system in skeletal muscle in association with exercise performance.
  • 633
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polyploidy in Evolution
Polyploidy or whole-genome duplication (WGD) is widespread in nature, agriculture and aquaculture, normal physiology, regeneration, aging, and pathology. WGD results from the premature termination of the cell cycle or cell fusion. If WGD occurs in germ cells, the progeny organisms become completely polyploid, if in somatic cells, the somatic polyploidy arises in certain tissues of a given organism. Polyploidization leads to long-term consequences both in evolution (organismal) and ontogenesis (somatic). In evolution, WGD is one of the main sources for the growth of organismal complexity and evolutionary plasticity
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2022
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