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Topic Review
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Haematological Malignancies
Epithelium integrity is maintained by the apical-basal polarity of epithelial cells generated by adhesions at cell-cell junctions and with the basal lamina. However, under specific physiological conditions, epithelial cells lose the contacts with neighbouring cells and the subjacent matrix, adopting a highly motile mesenchymal phenotype. This cell behaviour is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and it is critical for tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development and in adulthood for wound healing.
  • 358
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial Stem Cell Innovation
The field of epithelial stem cell development has been irrevocably shaped by the work of American scientist Howard Green, whose breakthroughs in stem cell culture methods translated to therapeutic practice.
  • 377
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Acute Leukemias
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a metabolic process that confers phenotypic flexibility to cells and the ability to adapt to new functions. This transition is critical during embryogenesis and is required for the differentiation of many tissues and organs. EMT can also be induced in advanced-stage cancers, leading to further malignant behavior and chemotherapy resistance, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis for patients.
  • 130
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Epitranscriptomics to Improve ICB-Efficacy by Targeting CISH
Epitranscriptomics has contributed greatly to the clinico-biological practices due to its diverse role in regulating at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Epitranscriptomics is generally referred to chemical modifications in the RNA molecule without changing the nucleotide sequence. So far, more than 160 chemical modifications have been identified; playing a crucial role in regulating various biological processes, for example, in acute myeloid leukemia treatment, lung adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer and broad range tumor types.
  • 498
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Epoetin Alfa
Epoetin alfa is a human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. Authorised by the European Medicines Agency on 28 August 2007, it stimulates erythropoiesis (increasing red blood cell levels) and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic kidney failure and cancer chemotherapy. Epoetin is manufactured and marketed by Amgen under the brand name Epogen. Johnson & Johnson subsidiary Janssen Biotech (formerly Ortho Biotech Products, LP), sells the same drug under the name Procrit, pursuant to a product license agreement. The average cost per patient in the U.S. was $8,447 in 2009. Darbepoetin alfa (rINN) /dɑːrbəˈpɔɪtɪn/ is a glycosylation analog of erythropoietin containing two additional N-linked carbohydrate chains, also manufactured and marketed by Amgen, with a brand name of Aranesp. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings and safety precautions for Procrit, Epogen and Aranesp are identical. For several years, epoetin alfa has accounted for the single greatest drug expenditure paid by the U.S. Medicare system; in 2010, the program paid $2 billion for the drug. Raising hemoglobin levels has been found in some studies to be associated with higher risks of thrombotic events, strokes and death. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
  • 242
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
EPR Effect for Cancer Treatment
The EPR effect was first discovered by Maeda and colleagues in solid murine tumors. The polymer-drug conjugates were i.v. administered, and 10-to-100-fold higher concentrations were achieved relative to free drug administration. The concentration of nanodrugs builds up in tumors due to the EPR effect, reaching several times higher than that of plasma due to the lack of lymphatic drainage. 
  • 956
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus to be discovered and is a causative agent for several cancer types of epithelial and lymphoid origin. EBV has two life cycles comprised of latent and lytic phases. The lytic cycle is when new virions are produced, whereas the latent cycle is a state of persistent infection without productive viral replication. It has been recognized that latent infection is the predominant mode of infection in EBV-associated cancers and the expression of a restricted set of latent genes drives disease development. 
  • 367
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ER Lipid Raft-Associated Protein
ER lipid raft-associated protein 1 (ERLIN1) and 2 (ERLIN2) are 40 kDa transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the family of prohibitins, containing a PHB domain. They are generally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where ERLIN1 forms a heteroligomeric complex with its closely related ERLIN2. Well-defined functions of ERLINS are promotion of ER-associated protein degradation, mediation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors, processing and regulation of lipid metabolism.
  • 380
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
ER Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a eukaryotic organelle, is the major site of protein biosynthesis. The disturbance of ER function by biotic or abiotic stress triggers the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the best-studied ER stress response. This transcriptional regulatory system senses ER stress, activates downstream genes that function to mitigate stress, and restores homeostasis. In addition to its conventional role in stress responses, reports indicate that the UPR is involved in plant growth and development.
  • 683
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ER Stress Responses
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle, storing the majority of calcium and governing protein translation. Thus, it is crucial to keep the homeostasis in all ER components and machineries. The ER stress sensor pathways, including IRE1/sXBP1, PERK/EIf2α and ATF6, orchestrate the major regulatory circuits to ensure ER homeostasis. The embryonic or postnatal lethality that occurs upon genetic depletion of these sensors reveals the essential role of the ER stress pathway in cell biology. In contrast, the impairment or excessive activation of ER stress has been reported to cause or aggravate several diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, NAFDL/NASH, obesity and cancer. Being part of innate immunity, myeloid cells are the first immune cells entering the inflammation site. Upon entry into a metabolically stressed disease environment, activation of ER stress occurs within the myeloid compartment, leading to the modulation of their phenotype and functions.
  • 411
  • 26 May 2021
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