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Topic Review
Characteristics of Circulating Tumor Cells
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as novel cancer biomarkers, were first described by Dr. Ashworth in 1869, and they were found to exist in the blood circulation of cancer patients with distant metastases. Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds promise to diagnose cancer or monitor its development.
  • 200
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Chemokine Regulation in Temporomandibular Joint Disease
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are conditions that affect the muscles of mastication and joints that connect the mandible to the base of the skull. Although TMJ disorders are associated with symptoms, the causes are not well proven. Chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease by promoting chemotaxis inflammatory cells to destroy the joint synovium, cartilage, subchondral bone, and other structures. 
  • 354
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Chemokine uptake in Endothelial Cells
The chemokines CCL5 and CXCL4 are deposited by platelets onto endothelial cells, inducing monocyte arrest. Here, the fate of CCL5 and CXCL4 after endothelial deposition was investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and EA.hy926 cells were incubated with CCL5 or CXCL4 for up to 120 min, and chemokine uptake was analyzed by microscopy and by ELISA. Intracellular calcium signaling was visualized upon chemokine treatment, and monocyte arrest was evaluated under laminar flow. Whereas CXCL4 remained partly on the cell surface, all of the CCL5 was internalized into endothelial cells. Endocytosis of CCL5 and CXCL4 was shown as a rapid and active process that primarily depended on dynamin, clathrin, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but not on surface proteoglycans. Intracellular calcium signals were increased after chemokine treatment. Confocal microscopy and ELISA measurements in cell organelle fractions indicated that both chemokines accumulated in the nucleus. Internalization did not affect leukocyte arrest, as pretreatment of chemokines and subsequent washing did not alter monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Endothelial cells rapidly and actively internalize CCL5 and CXCL4 by clathrin and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, where the chemokines appear to be directed to the nucleus. These findings expand our knowledge of how chemokines attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation.
  • 452
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chick Embryo CAM in biomedicine
The fertilised chick egg and particularly its chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have drawn continuing interest in biomedicine and bioengineering fields, especially for research on vascular study, cancer, drug screening and development, cell factors, stem cells, etc.
  • 885
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in AML
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy that is often associated with relapse and drug resistance after standard chemotherapy or targeted therapy, particularly in older patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplants are looked upon as the ultimate salvage option with curative intent. Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has shown promise in B cell malignancies and is being investigated in AML.
  • 106
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 Cells
CHO cells are epithelial-like cells isolated from Chinese hamster ovary. The original CHO cells are cultured adherently, but they can be cultured in suspension in serum-free medium after acclimation. CHO cells are widely used for the expression of recombinant proteins.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ChIP-Sequencing
ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global binding sites precisely for any protein of interest. Previously, ChIP-on-chip was the most common technique utilized to study these protein–DNA relations.
  • 361
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chlorhexidine in Mouthwashes/Toothpastes
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a bisbiguanide with bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. It is the most studied and most effective anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent.
  • 411
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chloroplast Trans-Splicing RNA–Protein Supercomplex
In eukaryotes, RNA trans-splicing is a significant RNA modification process for the end-to-end li-gation of exons from separately transcribed primary transcripts to generate mature mRNA. So far, three different categories of RNA trans-splicing have been found in organisms within a diverse range.
  • 615
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cholestatic Liver Disease
Cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are associated with active hepatic fibrogenesis, which can ultimately lead to the development of cirrhosis.
  • 540
  • 30 Jun 2021
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