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Topic Review
Interactions between Non-Hematological and Multiple Myeloma Cells
Tumors are composed of a plethora of extracellular matrix, tumor and non-tumor cells that form a tumor microenvironment (TME) that nurtures the tumor cells and creates a favorable environment where tumor cells grow and proliferate. In multiple myeloma (MM), the TME is the bone marrow (BM). Non-tumor cells can belong either to the non-hematological compartment that secretes soluble mediators to create a favorable environment for MM cells to grow, or to the immune cell compartment that perform an anti-MM activity in healthy conditions. Indeed, marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) are associated with a good prognosis in MM patients and have served as the basis for developing different immunotherapy strategies. However, MM cells and other cells in the BM can polarize their phenotype and activity, creating an immunosuppressive environment where immune cells do not perform their cytotoxic activity properly, promoting tumor progression.
  • 321
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Critical Functions of PHB2
The prohibitin (PHB) gene was initially found to be antiproliferative and able to inhibit the initiation of DNA synthesis in rat liver in 1989. The human homologue (later to be known as PHB1) was then identified, cloned, and mapped to the human chromosome 17q21. In 1994, another member of prohibitin, PHB2, was discovered on chromosome 12p13 when two proteins were found to associate with the IgM antigen receptor of B lymphocytes.
  • 321
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Gliomas
Glioma progression refers to the development and growth of glioma tumors in the brain. Glioma progression is a complex and multifactorial process involving various genetic, molecular, and cellular changes. The prognosis and survival rates for gliomas differ between adults and pediatrics. Overall, pediatric gliomas tend to have better prognoses compared to gliomas in adults. This is partly due to the prevalence of low-grade tumors in children, which generally have better outcomes than high-grade tumors such as glioblastoma. However, certain pediatric gliomas, such as DIPG, have particularly poor prognoses. The mechanism of glioma progression involves a complex interplay of genetic, molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental factors. Generally, glioma progression is driven by the accumulation of genetic mutations.
  • 321
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Functions of Astrocytes after a Brain Disease
Neurons and glia (astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendroglia, and microglia) are the neural cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Glial cells have different functions; microglia are the resident macrophages in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin production, NG2-positive glia is consistent with an oligodendrocyte progenitor function, and astrocytes play an important role both in homeostasis and in diseases. 
  • 321
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
N-Glycomics of Human Erythrocytes
Glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification that conveys functional diversity to glycoconjugates. Cell surface glycosylation mediates several biological activities such as induction of the intracellular signaling pathway and pathogen recognition. Red blood cell (RBC) membrane N-glycans determine blood type and influence cell lifespan. Although several proteomic studies have been carried out, the glycosylation of RBC membrane proteins has not been systematically investigated.
  • 320
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Organoids for Precision Medicine in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
MPM is an aggressive tumor originating from pleural mesothelial cells. A characteristic feature of the disease is the dominant prevalence of therapeutically intractable inactivating alterations in TSGs, making MPM one of the most difficult cancers to treat and the epitome of a cancer characterized by a significant lack of therapy options and an extremely poor prognosis (5-year survival rate of only 5% to 10%). Extensive interpatient heterogeneity poses another major challenge for targeted therapy of MPM, warranting stratified therapy for specific subgroups of MPM patients. Accurate preclinical models are critical for the discovery of new therapies and the development of personalized medicine. Organoids, an in vitro ‘organ-like’ 3D structure derived from patient tumor tissue that faithfully mimics the biology and complex architecture of cancer and largely overcomes the limitations of other existing models, are the next-generation tumor model.
  • 320
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
MiRNAs Predicting Response to Oesophageal Cancer Treatment
Oesophageal cancer (OC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Patients receive neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) as standard of care, but less than 20% of patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) or a third of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, obtain a clinically meaningful response. Developing a method of determining a patient’s response to NAT before treatment will allow rational treatment decisions to be made, thus improving patient outcome and quality of life. MicroRNAs are valuable biomarkers of response to NAT in OC. Research is needed to understand the effects different types of chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy have on the predictive value of microRNAs; studies also require greater standardization in how response is defined. 
  • 319
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Role of Chromatin Remodeling in Heart Failure
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death globally, with no cure to date. Many interventions have been studied and suggested, of which epigenetics and chromatin remodeling have been the most promising. Major advancements have been made in the field of chromatin remodeling, particularly for the treatment of heart failure, because of innovations in bioinformatics and gene therapy. Specifically, understanding changes to the chromatin architecture have been shown to alter cardiac disease progression via variations in genomic sequencing, targeting cardiac genes, using RNA molecules, and utilizing chromatin remodeler complexes.
  • 319
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolic Alterations in KRAS Mutant Tumors
KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated genes, an event that leads to development of highly aggressive and resistant to any type of available therapy tumors. Mutated KRAS drives a complex network of lipid metabolic rearrangements to support the adaptation of cancer cells to harsh environmental conditions and ensure their survival. Because there has been only a little success in the continuous efforts of effectively targeting KRAS-driven tumors, it is of outmost importance to delineate the exact mechanisms of how they get rewired, leading to this distinctive phenotype.
  • 319
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Anthocyanins and Vascular Health
Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoid polyphenols previously investigated for improving cardiovascular health and preventing the development of endothelial dysfunction. Phenolic metabolites can reach higher plasma concentrations and can persist in the circulation for periods much longer than their original anthocyanin form; therefore, the biological activity and health promoting effects of anthocyanins may differ from their metabolites.
  • 319
  • 13 Jul 2023
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