Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Endospore Appendages
The endospores (spores) of many Bacillus cereus sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of B. cereus endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant “Staggered-type” (S-Ena) and the shorter “Ladder-like” type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among B. cereus sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of ena genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. 
  • 411
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Toll-like Receptors Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy.
  • 382
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Protein tyrosine kinases, especially receptor tyrosine kinases, have dominated the cancer therapeutics sphere as proteins that can be inhibited to selectively target cancer. However, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are also an emerging target. Though historically known as negative regulators of the oncogenic tyrosine kinases, PTPs are now known to be both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic.
  • 556
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with a complex etiopathogenesis, which involves both congenital and environmental factors. It leads to neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and a significant impairment of social functioning. Its lifetime incidence has been estimated at 7.1 per 1000 people, and the male to female risk ratio is 1.4:1.
  • 460
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Early Spliceosomal Complex
Crucial for the definition of the exon–intron junctions is the early spliceosomal complex (E complex), also called commitment complex (CC) in yeast. This minimal complex consists of the U1-snRNP, SF1, and U2AFand is sufficient to recognize all intron definingciselements. Base pairing between the 5′ ss and the 5′-end of U1 snRNA defines the start of the intron.
  • 347
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Human Diseases
Autophagy, a process of cellular self-digestion, delivers intracellular components including superfluous and dysfunctional proteins and organelles to the lysosome for degradation and recycling and is important to maintain cellular homeostasis. In recent decades, autophagy has been found to help fight against a variety of human diseases, but, at the same time, autophagy can also promote the procession of certain pathologies, which makes the connection between autophagy and diseases complex but interesting.
  • 574
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Tie2 in the Tumor Microenvironment
The dissemination of cancer cells from their original location to distant organs where they grow, a process called metastasis, causes more than 90% of cancer deaths. The identification of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and the development of anti-metastatic therapies are essential to increase patient survival. In recent years, targeting the tumor microenvironment has become a promising avenue to prevent both tumor growth and metastasis. As the tumor microenvironment contains not only cancer cells but also blood vessels, immune cells, and other non-cancerous cells, it is naïve to think that therapy only affects a single cell type in this complex environment. Here to stress the importance, and ways to inhibit the function, of one therapeutic target: the receptor Tie2. Tie2 is a receptor present on the cell surface of several cell types within the tumor microenvironment and regulates tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis to distant organs.
  • 532
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Arabidopsis HY2 NaCl Signaling during Seed Germination
PΦB is an open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore, a critical synthetase for phytochromes to function as a light receptor to regulate plant growth and development. Arabidopsis HY2 encodes a key synthase of PΦB, which is a ferredoxin-dependent biliverdin reductase that catalyzes the reduction in the A-ring 2,3,31,32-diene system to produce an ethylidene group for assembly with apophytochromes.
  • 447
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Arabidopsis LSH8 ABA Signaling
LSH is a family of transcription factors with diversified functions, the members of which, in turn, are named LSH1-LSH10. LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS 1 (LSH1 was first found in Arabidopsis in 2004, the overexpression of which can enhance the light response of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and show an obvious short hypocotyl phenotype. All members of the LSH family have a highly conserved Domain of Unknown Function 640 (DUF640) domain, which is also called the Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1 (ALOG) domain in the Pfam protein database.
  • 552
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the major cellular drivers of liver fibrosis. Upon liver inflammation caused by a broad range of insults including non-alcoholic fatty liver, HSC transform from a quiescent into a proliferating, fibrotic phenotype.
  • 820
  • 03 Dec 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 161
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback